THE POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE VISUAL CORTEX AND THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT
... normal development, a question raised and discussed by philosophers since the time of Descartes. The design of these experiments was undoubtedly influenced by the observation that children with congenital cataract still have substantial and often permanent visual deficits after removal of the catara ...
... normal development, a question raised and discussed by philosophers since the time of Descartes. The design of these experiments was undoubtedly influenced by the observation that children with congenital cataract still have substantial and often permanent visual deficits after removal of the catara ...
The physiological role of orexin/hypocretin neurons in the regulation
... in [Ca2+ ]i in OX1R- or OX2R-expressing cells was not affected by pertussis toxin (PTX) pretreatment. These results suggest that OX1R does not couple to Gi proteins. On the other hand, forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation in OX2R-expressing cells was inhibited by orexin in a dose-dependent manner, ...
... in [Ca2+ ]i in OX1R- or OX2R-expressing cells was not affected by pertussis toxin (PTX) pretreatment. These results suggest that OX1R does not couple to Gi proteins. On the other hand, forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation in OX2R-expressing cells was inhibited by orexin in a dose-dependent manner, ...
The representation of Kanizsa illusory contours in the monkey
... be removed from stimuli, revealing how the change affects recognition and neural processing. An extreme reduction is the removal of the very stimulus, defining it with illusory lines. Perceived boundaries without physical differences between shape and background are called illusory (or subjective) c ...
... be removed from stimuli, revealing how the change affects recognition and neural processing. An extreme reduction is the removal of the very stimulus, defining it with illusory lines. Perceived boundaries without physical differences between shape and background are called illusory (or subjective) c ...
Leech Heart CPG
... Due to their reciprocally inhibitory synapses the pair of HN(3) neurons can produce oscillations (Fig 4, B). This is the smallest group of cells that can produce oscillations and hence are called the elemental oscillator (Fig 4, C). The HN(4) neurons are also considered as an elemental or half-cente ...
... Due to their reciprocally inhibitory synapses the pair of HN(3) neurons can produce oscillations (Fig 4, B). This is the smallest group of cells that can produce oscillations and hence are called the elemental oscillator (Fig 4, C). The HN(4) neurons are also considered as an elemental or half-cente ...
The Thalamus
... transmitters used by thalamic cells and the interactions of these transmitters with a wide range of receptor types and subtypes which not only govern the responses of thalamic cells to external and internally generated stimuli but also modulate their activities during changes in conscious state. In ...
... transmitters used by thalamic cells and the interactions of these transmitters with a wide range of receptor types and subtypes which not only govern the responses of thalamic cells to external and internally generated stimuli but also modulate their activities during changes in conscious state. In ...
Intracellular Features Predicted by Extracellular
... Extracellular recording methods traditionally provide information only on whether a neuron fires a spike or not. To obtain information about subthreshold variations in neuronal membrane potential, it is necessary to use intracellular recording methods. In addition, intracellular recording has the ad ...
... Extracellular recording methods traditionally provide information only on whether a neuron fires a spike or not. To obtain information about subthreshold variations in neuronal membrane potential, it is necessary to use intracellular recording methods. In addition, intracellular recording has the ad ...
Pheromone signaling in the fruit fly Drosophila
... The use of pheromones is widespread among very diverse taxa, but has been most extensively studied in insects. The first pheromone to be chemically characterized was bombykol, the sex pheromone of the silkworm moth Bombyx mori (Butenandt et al. 1959), and the intensive research that followed has led ...
... The use of pheromones is widespread among very diverse taxa, but has been most extensively studied in insects. The first pheromone to be chemically characterized was bombykol, the sex pheromone of the silkworm moth Bombyx mori (Butenandt et al. 1959), and the intensive research that followed has led ...
How Do Neurons Convey Information?
... will not damage cells. Timers allow the stimulator to deliver either a single pulse of current lasting about 1100 of a second or a series of these brief pulses. Wire leads connected to the stimulator’s negative and positive poles carry the electrical current. One lead is attached to a stimulating e ...
... will not damage cells. Timers allow the stimulator to deliver either a single pulse of current lasting about 1100 of a second or a series of these brief pulses. Wire leads connected to the stimulator’s negative and positive poles carry the electrical current. One lead is attached to a stimulating e ...
Neurophysiological and Computational Principles of Cortical
... FIG. 1. Examples of synchronous oscillations in cognitive behaviors. A: theta rhythm in the hippocampus during spatial navigation. Top: in the task, rat shuttles back and forth along a linear track between food rewards contained in cups attached to movable walls. Middle: color-coded firing field of ...
... FIG. 1. Examples of synchronous oscillations in cognitive behaviors. A: theta rhythm in the hippocampus during spatial navigation. Top: in the task, rat shuttles back and forth along a linear track between food rewards contained in cups attached to movable walls. Middle: color-coded firing field of ...
Topographically Specific Hippocampal Projections Target Functionally Distinct Prefrontal Areas in the
... vary widely, ranging from those which have three or four layers, exemplified in transitional (limbic) cortices, to those which have six laycrs, which typify culaminate areas. Although input to eulaminatc prefrontal areas is distributed, by comparison with the limbic areas it is considerably more foc ...
... vary widely, ranging from those which have three or four layers, exemplified in transitional (limbic) cortices, to those which have six laycrs, which typify culaminate areas. Although input to eulaminatc prefrontal areas is distributed, by comparison with the limbic areas it is considerably more foc ...
Artificial neural networks and their application in biological and
... first paradigm is used when there is a possibility to verify the answers given by the network. In this case, for each input vector (for example in agronomy these can be e.g., soil quality, nutrients, and cropping year (Wieland and Mirschel 2008), the value of the output vector is known which is the ...
... first paradigm is used when there is a possibility to verify the answers given by the network. In this case, for each input vector (for example in agronomy these can be e.g., soil quality, nutrients, and cropping year (Wieland and Mirschel 2008), the value of the output vector is known which is the ...
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor mRNA Expression in the Brain of the Teleost
... ‘Saffan’, Schering-Plough Animal Health, IE). For RNA extraction, fresh brain tissue was dissected, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at –80 ° C. For histology, each anaesthetized eel was perfused through the heart with phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS; 0.1 M, pH 7.4) containing proca ...
... ‘Saffan’, Schering-Plough Animal Health, IE). For RNA extraction, fresh brain tissue was dissected, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at –80 ° C. For histology, each anaesthetized eel was perfused through the heart with phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS; 0.1 M, pH 7.4) containing proca ...
Module 2
... What name the theory which proves existence in an organism of the person of receptors which answer to both painful and not painful sensations, depending on force irritant has. Specify its correct name. A. The theory of sensitivity B. The theory of intensity C. The theory unspecificity D. The theory ...
... What name the theory which proves existence in an organism of the person of receptors which answer to both painful and not painful sensations, depending on force irritant has. Specify its correct name. A. The theory of sensitivity B. The theory of intensity C. The theory unspecificity D. The theory ...
A simulation of parahippocampal and hippocampal structures guiding spatial navigation of
... caused by sensory input. Eventually the sustained spiking activity can be terminated by calcium induced desensitization of the current, or by calcium activation of other currents such as the calcium-activated potassium current. FIGURE 3 ABOUT HERE As the virtual rat moves through the environment, pl ...
... caused by sensory input. Eventually the sustained spiking activity can be terminated by calcium induced desensitization of the current, or by calcium activation of other currents such as the calcium-activated potassium current. FIGURE 3 ABOUT HERE As the virtual rat moves through the environment, pl ...
Spontaneous and Stimulus-Evoked Intrinsic Optical Signals in
... ferent studies relate to one another. A second limiting factor is the lack of anatomical markers. The discovery of histological markers for functionally distinct neuronal subpopulations, most notably cytochrome oxidase, was a considerable aid to elucidating the functional organization of visual cort ...
... ferent studies relate to one another. A second limiting factor is the lack of anatomical markers. The discovery of histological markers for functionally distinct neuronal subpopulations, most notably cytochrome oxidase, was a considerable aid to elucidating the functional organization of visual cort ...
Spontaneous and Stimulus-Evoked Intrinsic Optical Signals in
... ferent studies relate to one another. A second limiting factor is the lack of anatomical markers. The discovery of histological markers for functionally distinct neuronal subpopulations, most notably cytochrome oxidase, was a considerable aid to elucidating the functional organization of visual cort ...
... ferent studies relate to one another. A second limiting factor is the lack of anatomical markers. The discovery of histological markers for functionally distinct neuronal subpopulations, most notably cytochrome oxidase, was a considerable aid to elucidating the functional organization of visual cort ...
Alterations of Mitochondria and Golgi Apparatus Are
... terminals is dramatically decrease and their structural pattern changes [45]. That modification might be attributed to enhanced nitrosative stress, generated by Aβ peptide, leading to mitochondrial fission, which is followed by mitochondrial depletion, resulting in synaptic degeneration eventually [ ...
... terminals is dramatically decrease and their structural pattern changes [45]. That modification might be attributed to enhanced nitrosative stress, generated by Aβ peptide, leading to mitochondrial fission, which is followed by mitochondrial depletion, resulting in synaptic degeneration eventually [ ...
Favorable Recording Criteria for Spike Sorting
... Spike sorting is the generic term used to describe the procedure for identifying spikes in multi-neuron recordings and categorizing them according to waveform and amplitude differences. Correctly relating each spike to a category and accurately estimating its time of occurrence is prerequisite to pr ...
... Spike sorting is the generic term used to describe the procedure for identifying spikes in multi-neuron recordings and categorizing them according to waveform and amplitude differences. Correctly relating each spike to a category and accurately estimating its time of occurrence is prerequisite to pr ...
Viewpoint Synaptic Connectivity and Neuronal Morphology: Two
... for a network of neurons within the cortical column. Initially, I compare theoretical predictions with data from mouse neocortex because of their relatively high quality, leaving interspecies comparison to the section on Comparison with Experiment. One cubic millimeter of mouse neocortex contains N ...
... for a network of neurons within the cortical column. Initially, I compare theoretical predictions with data from mouse neocortex because of their relatively high quality, leaving interspecies comparison to the section on Comparison with Experiment. One cubic millimeter of mouse neocortex contains N ...
Expectancies in decision making, reinforcement
... generate and evaluate potentially rich outcome expectancies. Animal learning studies indicate that expectancies may arise from different sources, including not only forward models but also Pavlovian associations, and the flexibility with which such representations impact behavior may depend on how t ...
... generate and evaluate potentially rich outcome expectancies. Animal learning studies indicate that expectancies may arise from different sources, including not only forward models but also Pavlovian associations, and the flexibility with which such representations impact behavior may depend on how t ...
Channelrhodopsin
Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.