Somatodendritic dopamine release - Philosophical Transactions of
... than in dorsal tier cells in SNc or VTA [97,100,101]. This difference is reflected in the greater DAT-dependent regulation of [DA]o in SNc versus VTA [19,102]. Similarly, SNc DA neurons have greater D2 autoreceptor expression versus VTA [100], which is reflected in greater autoreceptor regulation of ...
... than in dorsal tier cells in SNc or VTA [97,100,101]. This difference is reflected in the greater DAT-dependent regulation of [DA]o in SNc versus VTA [19,102]. Similarly, SNc DA neurons have greater D2 autoreceptor expression versus VTA [100], which is reflected in greater autoreceptor regulation of ...
- Wiley Online Library
... Classifying proteins according to functional criteria is difficult because function is a complex phenomenon associated with many mutually overlapping levels: chemical, biochemical, cellular, physiological, organism mediated, and developmental. These levels are related in complex ways. For example, p ...
... Classifying proteins according to functional criteria is difficult because function is a complex phenomenon associated with many mutually overlapping levels: chemical, biochemical, cellular, physiological, organism mediated, and developmental. These levels are related in complex ways. For example, p ...
Late-onset Parkinsonism in NFjB/c-Rel
... movement disorder, with clinical symptoms that include resting tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia (Fahn, 2003). The aetiology of Parkinson’s disease is not well understood but it is likely that it involves both genetic and environmental factors (Wirdefeldt et al., 2011). The pathological hallmarks of ...
... movement disorder, with clinical symptoms that include resting tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia (Fahn, 2003). The aetiology of Parkinson’s disease is not well understood but it is likely that it involves both genetic and environmental factors (Wirdefeldt et al., 2011). The pathological hallmarks of ...
DSP-4 (N-(2-Chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine)
... by either eye. These differences are expected from previous results (see summaries in Movshon and van Sluyters, 1981; Sherman and Spear, 1982. Three animals in the second group (64E, 61B, and 64G) showed substantial reductions in NA concentration (Fig. 2), whereas two others (738 and 80B) did not. A ...
... by either eye. These differences are expected from previous results (see summaries in Movshon and van Sluyters, 1981; Sherman and Spear, 1982. Three animals in the second group (64E, 61B, and 64G) showed substantial reductions in NA concentration (Fig. 2), whereas two others (738 and 80B) did not. A ...
concurrent, distributed control of saccade initiation in the frontal eye
... discharge a high frequency burst of action potentials for saccades into the contralateral hemifield. In addition to the burst, these cells also have a low frequency buildup of activity before the burst. It is believed that at least some LLBNs are innervated by descending projections from higher cent ...
... discharge a high frequency burst of action potentials for saccades into the contralateral hemifield. In addition to the burst, these cells also have a low frequency buildup of activity before the burst. It is believed that at least some LLBNs are innervated by descending projections from higher cent ...
Exam II Questions / Answers
... Mechanically gated channels – open and close in response to physical deformation of receptors (e.g. touch or pressure receptors) ...
... Mechanically gated channels – open and close in response to physical deformation of receptors (e.g. touch or pressure receptors) ...
Ionic Mechanisms in the Generation of Subthreshold Oscillations and
... Pape, 1990). While these different currents share a common profile of activation, causing a depolarizing “sag” of the membrane potential during the later stages of a hyperpolarizing current injection, several differences in the gating of these currents are evident in different neuronal subtypes, and ...
... Pape, 1990). While these different currents share a common profile of activation, causing a depolarizing “sag” of the membrane potential during the later stages of a hyperpolarizing current injection, several differences in the gating of these currents are evident in different neuronal subtypes, and ...
Ethanol Neurotoxicity in the Developing Cerebellum
... homodimer while RXRs also interact with RARs and other nuclear receptors such as the vitamin D receptor. After binding to retinoic acid, these retinoic acid receptors interact with retinoic acid response elements present in the promoter regions of their target genes, and in turn control the gene exp ...
... homodimer while RXRs also interact with RARs and other nuclear receptors such as the vitamin D receptor. After binding to retinoic acid, these retinoic acid receptors interact with retinoic acid response elements present in the promoter regions of their target genes, and in turn control the gene exp ...
Novel visual stimuli activate a population of neurons
... were chosen because of their comparability with our previous studies, and because they are in a sensitive part of the dose–response curve. The monkey’s mouth was rinsed with distilled water during the intertrial interval (which lasted at least 30 s, or until neuronal activity returned to baseline le ...
... were chosen because of their comparability with our previous studies, and because they are in a sensitive part of the dose–response curve. The monkey’s mouth was rinsed with distilled water during the intertrial interval (which lasted at least 30 s, or until neuronal activity returned to baseline le ...
Brca1 is required for embryonic development of the mouse cerebral
... To examine the effects of conditional Brca1 ablation on the neocortex, we first analyzed the size and gross morphology of the P4.5 brain. Compared with the control, Brca1-ablated brains showed a reduction in size specific to the cerebral cortex (Fig. 1C). The whole-brain weight of Brca1-ablated mice ...
... To examine the effects of conditional Brca1 ablation on the neocortex, we first analyzed the size and gross morphology of the P4.5 brain. Compared with the control, Brca1-ablated brains showed a reduction in size specific to the cerebral cortex (Fig. 1C). The whole-brain weight of Brca1-ablated mice ...
An introduction to circular dichroism spectroscopy
... dichroism spectrophotometer: increase the intensity of the incident linearly‐polarised monochromatic light, increase the quantum efficiency of the detector, or spend more time collecting and averaging data points. The first two factors, light intensity and detector performance, are those that can ...
... dichroism spectrophotometer: increase the intensity of the incident linearly‐polarised monochromatic light, increase the quantum efficiency of the detector, or spend more time collecting and averaging data points. The first two factors, light intensity and detector performance, are those that can ...
Motor systems Basal ganglia
... disorders and why they occur. Damage to the basal ganglia causes two different classes of syndromes, one characterized by an increase in movement (hyperkinetic) and the other characterized by decreased movement (hypokinetic). The most well known hypokinetic syndrome is Parkinson’s disease, and it ge ...
... disorders and why they occur. Damage to the basal ganglia causes two different classes of syndromes, one characterized by an increase in movement (hyperkinetic) and the other characterized by decreased movement (hypokinetic). The most well known hypokinetic syndrome is Parkinson’s disease, and it ge ...
Alan Peters
... At the end of the 2 years in the sixth form I took the Higher School Certificate Examination, which was essentially the entrance examination for university. I recall that I obtained two honors and two passes in the four subjects that I submitted for the examination. This was good enough to gain entr ...
... At the end of the 2 years in the sixth form I took the Higher School Certificate Examination, which was essentially the entrance examination for university. I recall that I obtained two honors and two passes in the four subjects that I submitted for the examination. This was good enough to gain entr ...
The role of sodium channels in neuropathic pain
... Both TTX-S and TTX-R currents have been identified in dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGs). TTX-S currents have low activation threshold and display rapid inactivation. TTX-S currents represent multiple subtypes of sodium channel reflected by the diversity of ␣ subunits [6,7] and the range of inactiv ...
... Both TTX-S and TTX-R currents have been identified in dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGs). TTX-S currents have low activation threshold and display rapid inactivation. TTX-S currents represent multiple subtypes of sodium channel reflected by the diversity of ␣ subunits [6,7] and the range of inactiv ...
MMNeuropharm2011
... Since their initial discovery, many forms of LTP and LTD have been described, which can be classified by their specific mechanisms of induction (i.e. which type of activity is required to evoke plasticity) and expression (i.e. which molecular changes mediate the change in synaptic efficacy). A comprehe ...
... Since their initial discovery, many forms of LTP and LTD have been described, which can be classified by their specific mechanisms of induction (i.e. which type of activity is required to evoke plasticity) and expression (i.e. which molecular changes mediate the change in synaptic efficacy). A comprehe ...
Introduction to biophysics
... Figure 4: The major components of the nervous system and their functional relationships. A) The CNS (brain and spinal cord) and the PNS (spinal and cranial nerves). B) The peripheral nervous system receives sensory input and outputs motor commands. The central nervous system provides the ’mapping’ ...
... Figure 4: The major components of the nervous system and their functional relationships. A) The CNS (brain and spinal cord) and the PNS (spinal and cranial nerves). B) The peripheral nervous system receives sensory input and outputs motor commands. The central nervous system provides the ’mapping’ ...
Pre-synaptic Terminal Dynamics in the Hippocampus
... perceptual capabilities later in life. These behavioural changes are accompanied by morphological and physiological changes consistent with alteration in the number and pattern of synaptic connections (Hubel and Wiesel, 1970). The so-called ocular dominance columns do not form in kittens when all ac ...
... perceptual capabilities later in life. These behavioural changes are accompanied by morphological and physiological changes consistent with alteration in the number and pattern of synaptic connections (Hubel and Wiesel, 1970). The so-called ocular dominance columns do not form in kittens when all ac ...
Cytoarchitecture of the canine perirhinal and postrhinal cortex
... new DMS procedure (delayed matching-to-sample) like that used in the monkey was developed for dogs by Kowalska (1997) and was applied in auditory recognition tasks, providing an opportunity to compare the results in both species. However, rhinal lesions in dogs had no effect on performance in these ...
... new DMS procedure (delayed matching-to-sample) like that used in the monkey was developed for dogs by Kowalska (1997) and was applied in auditory recognition tasks, providing an opportunity to compare the results in both species. However, rhinal lesions in dogs had no effect on performance in these ...
Mechanisms Underlying the Cardioinhibitory and Pressor
... control value: (response value - control value) / (control value) × 100 %. The control value of nerve activity was derived by averaging the integrated nerve activities for a period of 30 s before stimulation. The largest deviation from the control level within 30 s after stimulation was considered a ...
... control value: (response value - control value) / (control value) × 100 %. The control value of nerve activity was derived by averaging the integrated nerve activities for a period of 30 s before stimulation. The largest deviation from the control level within 30 s after stimulation was considered a ...
Complete morphologies of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in
... Using this protocol, 67 well-separated forebrain cholinergic neurons were imaged and 12 of these neurons–8 from P12 brains and 4 from P30 brains–were traced (Figures 2, 3, 4B, Figure 2—figure supplement 1). Among the traced arbors, nine were in the cortex, two were in the hippocampus, and one was in ...
... Using this protocol, 67 well-separated forebrain cholinergic neurons were imaged and 12 of these neurons–8 from P12 brains and 4 from P30 brains–were traced (Figures 2, 3, 4B, Figure 2—figure supplement 1). Among the traced arbors, nine were in the cortex, two were in the hippocampus, and one was in ...
Channelrhodopsin
Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.