Topographical organization of the pedunculopontine nucleus
... Oakman et al., 1995; Charara et al., 1996). These projections emit collaterals that innervate the medial reticular formation in the cat (Nakamura et al., 1989). Furthermore, the activation of the PPN can elicit an excitatory effect on SN neurons in the rat (Scarnati et al., 1984, 1987), evoking mono ...
... Oakman et al., 1995; Charara et al., 1996). These projections emit collaterals that innervate the medial reticular formation in the cat (Nakamura et al., 1989). Furthermore, the activation of the PPN can elicit an excitatory effect on SN neurons in the rat (Scarnati et al., 1984, 1987), evoking mono ...
- Wiley Online Library
... are the only tetrapod vertebrates that regenerate spinal cord completely as adults. The ependymal cells play a key role in this process in both gap replacement and caudal regeneration. The ependymal response helps to produce a different response to neural injury compared with mammalian neural injury ...
... are the only tetrapod vertebrates that regenerate spinal cord completely as adults. The ependymal cells play a key role in this process in both gap replacement and caudal regeneration. The ependymal response helps to produce a different response to neural injury compared with mammalian neural injury ...
link to pdf of article - UCSF Center for Integrative Neuroscience
... require a set of all possible representations to be available at all serial positions, which is often infeasible. Recent models within this lineage hypothesize order to be accounted for by some contextual signal such as the state of an oscillatory circuit or other time-varying function (Brown, Preec ...
... require a set of all possible representations to be available at all serial positions, which is often infeasible. Recent models within this lineage hypothesize order to be accounted for by some contextual signal such as the state of an oscillatory circuit or other time-varying function (Brown, Preec ...
Move to the rhythm: oscillations in the subthalamic nucleus–external
... cognition and emotion [1–6]. Reciprocally connected glutamatergic neurons of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and GABAergic neurons of the external globus pallidus (GPe) form a key network within the basal ganglia [7–9]. The principal source of afferent input to the basal ganglia, the cerebral cortex, ...
... cognition and emotion [1–6]. Reciprocally connected glutamatergic neurons of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and GABAergic neurons of the external globus pallidus (GPe) form a key network within the basal ganglia [7–9]. The principal source of afferent input to the basal ganglia, the cerebral cortex, ...
Lateral Hypothalamus Contains Two Types of Palatability
... stimulus delivery design remained the same from day to day, the electrodes were sometimes moved in 0.075 mm increments between recording days to sample more of the LH neuropil, and to obtain fresh units for each recording session. Across all recording days, the electrodes were moved up to a total of ...
... stimulus delivery design remained the same from day to day, the electrodes were sometimes moved in 0.075 mm increments between recording days to sample more of the LH neuropil, and to obtain fresh units for each recording session. Across all recording days, the electrodes were moved up to a total of ...
Chapter 8 The Nervous System
... At rest, the neuron's membrane is slightly positive on the outside— polarized—from a slight excess of Na+ on the outside A stimulus triggers the opening of Na+ channels in the plasma membrane of the neuron Inward movement of Na+ depolarizes the membrane by making the inside more positive than the ou ...
... At rest, the neuron's membrane is slightly positive on the outside— polarized—from a slight excess of Na+ on the outside A stimulus triggers the opening of Na+ channels in the plasma membrane of the neuron Inward movement of Na+ depolarizes the membrane by making the inside more positive than the ou ...
Chapter 36 Locomotion
... nearly a century ago when it was found that removing the cerebral hemispheres in dogs did not abolish walking—decerebrate animals are still able to walk spontaneously. One animal was observed to rear itself up in order to rest its forepaws on a gate at feeding time. It was soon discovered that stepp ...
... nearly a century ago when it was found that removing the cerebral hemispheres in dogs did not abolish walking—decerebrate animals are still able to walk spontaneously. One animal was observed to rear itself up in order to rest its forepaws on a gate at feeding time. It was soon discovered that stepp ...
Pierre Berthet Computational Modeling of the Basal Ganglia – Functional Pathways
... We perceive the environment via sensor arrays and interact with it through motor outputs. The work of this thesis concerns how the brain selects actions given the information about the perceived state of the world and how it learns and adapts these selections to changes in this environment. This lea ...
... We perceive the environment via sensor arrays and interact with it through motor outputs. The work of this thesis concerns how the brain selects actions given the information about the perceived state of the world and how it learns and adapts these selections to changes in this environment. This lea ...
Amelioration of Delayed Neuronal Death in the Hippocampus by
... and 2, eventhoughthe cell somawas still present.After 1 week,all the pyramidal cellstogetherwith dendrites disappeared without NGF treatment. Treatment with NGF preventedthe early destructionof dendritic structures. ...
... and 2, eventhoughthe cell somawas still present.After 1 week,all the pyramidal cellstogetherwith dendrites disappeared without NGF treatment. Treatment with NGF preventedthe early destructionof dendritic structures. ...
Escape behavior and neuronal responses to looming stimuli in the
... The simulated looming stimulus used in the present study consisted of a 5·cm black square, which approached over a distance of 70·cm at a constant speed of 20·cm·s–1 (Fig.·1B). Thus, for the crab’s eye the stimulus had an apparent size subtending an angle of 4° at its stationary initial position and ...
... The simulated looming stimulus used in the present study consisted of a 5·cm black square, which approached over a distance of 70·cm at a constant speed of 20·cm·s–1 (Fig.·1B). Thus, for the crab’s eye the stimulus had an apparent size subtending an angle of 4° at its stationary initial position and ...
Transgenic Mice for Intersectional Targeting of Neural Sensors and
... the Cre/Flp and Cre/Dre double recombinase systems and established a new, retargetable genomic locus, TIGRE, which allowed the generation of a large set of Cre/tTA-dependent reporter lines expressing fluorescent proteins, genetically encoded calcium, voltage, or glutamate indicators, and optogenetic ...
... the Cre/Flp and Cre/Dre double recombinase systems and established a new, retargetable genomic locus, TIGRE, which allowed the generation of a large set of Cre/tTA-dependent reporter lines expressing fluorescent proteins, genetically encoded calcium, voltage, or glutamate indicators, and optogenetic ...
Diencephalon and Hypothalamus
... A. Oxytocin—(Greek for “rapid birth”)- Produced by: neurons in the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. Functions: 1. acts on uterine smooth muscle to stimulate myometrial contractions and accelerates parturition (thus oxytocin or synthetic derivatives of oxytocin can be used to induce partur ...
... A. Oxytocin—(Greek for “rapid birth”)- Produced by: neurons in the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. Functions: 1. acts on uterine smooth muscle to stimulate myometrial contractions and accelerates parturition (thus oxytocin or synthetic derivatives of oxytocin can be used to induce partur ...
The Nervous System
... plasma membrane in the direction of their electro-chemical gradient, creating electrical currents and voltage changes across the membrane according to Ohm’s law: V= I x R ...
... plasma membrane in the direction of their electro-chemical gradient, creating electrical currents and voltage changes across the membrane according to Ohm’s law: V= I x R ...
Cathepsin B–green fluorescent protein
... without serum or supplements for up to 24 hours at 37°C in humidified, 5% CO and 95% air atmosphere. In some experiments, instead of dissociated cells, cortex tissue was cut into small pieces with sharpened forceps and placed on culture wells as explants. Explants of postnatal day 2 rat pups were al ...
... without serum or supplements for up to 24 hours at 37°C in humidified, 5% CO and 95% air atmosphere. In some experiments, instead of dissociated cells, cortex tissue was cut into small pieces with sharpened forceps and placed on culture wells as explants. Explants of postnatal day 2 rat pups were al ...
Latest Findings in the Mechanisms of Cortical `Arousal`: `Enabling
... It has been traditional to consider both REM and waking states to be states of consciousness in the phenomenal sense of having conscious experiences; but to bestow that title to only waking states in the medical sense of being conscious of ones surroundings. While REM and waking states share some co ...
... It has been traditional to consider both REM and waking states to be states of consciousness in the phenomenal sense of having conscious experiences; but to bestow that title to only waking states in the medical sense of being conscious of ones surroundings. While REM and waking states share some co ...
Scaling self-organizing maps to model large cortical networks
... Figure 2: Orientation map activation in RF-LISSOM (color figure). The orientation color key at the far right applies to all of the plots in (b-d), and to all similar plots in this paper. After being trained on inputs like the one in (a) with random positions and orientations, a 144×144 RF-LISSOM net ...
... Figure 2: Orientation map activation in RF-LISSOM (color figure). The orientation color key at the far right applies to all of the plots in (b-d), and to all similar plots in this paper. After being trained on inputs like the one in (a) with random positions and orientations, a 144×144 RF-LISSOM net ...
neuronal coding of prediction errors
... attempted to explain predictive learning in terms of strengthening of synapses by conjoint pre- and postsynaptic activity. Subsequent neuronal network models have developed this neurobiological theory of learning by arguing that the synaptic connection weights between model neurons are controlled by ...
... attempted to explain predictive learning in terms of strengthening of synapses by conjoint pre- and postsynaptic activity. Subsequent neuronal network models have developed this neurobiological theory of learning by arguing that the synaptic connection weights between model neurons are controlled by ...
Latest Findings in the Mechanisms of Cortical `Arousal`: `Enabling
... It has been traditional to consider both REM and waking states to be states of consciousness in the phenomenal sense of having conscious experiences; but to bestow that title to only waking states in the medical sense of being conscious of ones surroundings. While REM and waking states share some co ...
... It has been traditional to consider both REM and waking states to be states of consciousness in the phenomenal sense of having conscious experiences; but to bestow that title to only waking states in the medical sense of being conscious of ones surroundings. While REM and waking states share some co ...
Edge of chaos and prediction of computational performance for
... global parameters of the system, e.g. connectivity structure or the functional dependence of the output of an element on the output of other elements, one can change the dynamics of the system from ordered to chaotic. The cited studies suggest that dynamical systems achieve optimal computational cap ...
... global parameters of the system, e.g. connectivity structure or the functional dependence of the output of an element on the output of other elements, one can change the dynamics of the system from ordered to chaotic. The cited studies suggest that dynamical systems achieve optimal computational cap ...
Tactile orientation perception: an ideal observer analysis of human
... Fig. 1. Logic of the study. For each of 42 area 3b neurons, spike activity (bottom left) was fit to a model receptive field (RF) structure (top left), produced from a spatial distribution of weights representing the influence of slowly adapting type 1 (SA1) afferent activity on the cortical neuron. ...
... Fig. 1. Logic of the study. For each of 42 area 3b neurons, spike activity (bottom left) was fit to a model receptive field (RF) structure (top left), produced from a spatial distribution of weights representing the influence of slowly adapting type 1 (SA1) afferent activity on the cortical neuron. ...
melanogaster
... the ocelli. The ocelli are a set of three simple eyes positioned on the top (dorsal most part) of the head, and are believed to aid in gaze stabilization (Goodman, 1970; Schuppe and Hengstenberg, 1993). Ocellar interneurons, called L-neurons, sum information from photoreceptor outputs in each of the ...
... the ocelli. The ocelli are a set of three simple eyes positioned on the top (dorsal most part) of the head, and are believed to aid in gaze stabilization (Goodman, 1970; Schuppe and Hengstenberg, 1993). Ocellar interneurons, called L-neurons, sum information from photoreceptor outputs in each of the ...
BMP regulation of neural tube patterning - Development
... Pax7+ cells were detected further ventrally, including in close proximity to the floorplate (arrowheads in Fig. 1G). In electroporated samples, ventral expression of Pax7 was more frequent and robust (Fig. 1H). These data indicate that BMP signaling can promote the expression of Pax7 in ventral cell ...
... Pax7+ cells were detected further ventrally, including in close proximity to the floorplate (arrowheads in Fig. 1G). In electroporated samples, ventral expression of Pax7 was more frequent and robust (Fig. 1H). These data indicate that BMP signaling can promote the expression of Pax7 in ventral cell ...
Antinociceptive Action of Nitrous Oxide Is Mediated
... (HHM25; Omega, Bridgeport, NJ) were used to measure the plantar paw surface and volar tail surface temperatures for each baseline and N2O exposure nociceptive threshold test. During the 30 min exposure to N2O, both rats and mice exhibited increased motor activity. This made tail-flick testing more d ...
... (HHM25; Omega, Bridgeport, NJ) were used to measure the plantar paw surface and volar tail surface temperatures for each baseline and N2O exposure nociceptive threshold test. During the 30 min exposure to N2O, both rats and mice exhibited increased motor activity. This made tail-flick testing more d ...
1 - Projeto Andar de Novo
... Anatomy Department of the Biology Institute, UNICAMP, Campinas Glatiramer acetate (GA) has been indicated for reduction of the frequency of the relapses in patients with remittent/recurrent multiple sclerosis. Although effective, the GA’s therapeutic mechanism(s) is (are) not totally clear. However, ...
... Anatomy Department of the Biology Institute, UNICAMP, Campinas Glatiramer acetate (GA) has been indicated for reduction of the frequency of the relapses in patients with remittent/recurrent multiple sclerosis. Although effective, the GA’s therapeutic mechanism(s) is (are) not totally clear. However, ...
Channelrhodopsin
Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.