FEATURE ARTICLE Cortical Auditory Adaptation
... high frequency firing during sensory responses induce an intracellular increase of ions such as Ca2+ or Na+ that activate ion-dependent K+ channels and also membrane depolarization can directly activate voltage-dependent K+ channels. The activation of potassium currents hyperpolarizes the membrane po ...
... high frequency firing during sensory responses induce an intracellular increase of ions such as Ca2+ or Na+ that activate ion-dependent K+ channels and also membrane depolarization can directly activate voltage-dependent K+ channels. The activation of potassium currents hyperpolarizes the membrane po ...
Dynamics of sensory processing in the dual olfactory pathway of the
... The second difference refers to the concentration dependence of odor responses. In m-PN boutons, the amplitude of the Ca responses typically increased with odor concentration. On the contrary, l-PNs typically responded even for very low concentrations and revealed little or even a negative relation ...
... The second difference refers to the concentration dependence of odor responses. In m-PN boutons, the amplitude of the Ca responses typically increased with odor concentration. On the contrary, l-PNs typically responded even for very low concentrations and revealed little or even a negative relation ...
Responses of single neurons in the human brain during flash
... units in the human medial temporal lobe while subjects reported their percept during flash suppression. The medial temporal lobe (MTL) typically constitutes one of the potential areas suspected to be part of the seizure onset focus. The MTL receives direct input from the inferior temporal cortex, th ...
... units in the human medial temporal lobe while subjects reported their percept during flash suppression. The medial temporal lobe (MTL) typically constitutes one of the potential areas suspected to be part of the seizure onset focus. The MTL receives direct input from the inferior temporal cortex, th ...
Resonance properties of different neuronal populations in the
... Oscillatory activity patterns contribute to the sensory perception in brain. Sensory periphery input is detected and selected basing on single neuron intrinsic resonance frequency characteristics. Input frequency preference can be dynamically tuned by biasing the membrane conductance and potential. ...
... Oscillatory activity patterns contribute to the sensory perception in brain. Sensory periphery input is detected and selected basing on single neuron intrinsic resonance frequency characteristics. Input frequency preference can be dynamically tuned by biasing the membrane conductance and potential. ...
Article
... thresholds for the 2T conditions were in the range of 20% of the target (Wright et al., 1997; Karmarkar and Buonomano, 2003). A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant interaction between conditions (FIX 3 VAR) and tone number (2T 3 3T; F = 57.75; n = 15; p < 0.0001), demonstrati ...
... thresholds for the 2T conditions were in the range of 20% of the target (Wright et al., 1997; Karmarkar and Buonomano, 2003). A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant interaction between conditions (FIX 3 VAR) and tone number (2T 3 3T; F = 57.75; n = 15; p < 0.0001), demonstrati ...
memory systems in the brain
... Emotions can usefully be defined as states elicited by rewards and punishers (Rolls 1990, 1999a, 2000a). A reward is anything for which an animal will work. A punisher is anything an animal will work to escape or avoid. An example of an emotion might thus be happiness produced by being given a rewar ...
... Emotions can usefully be defined as states elicited by rewards and punishers (Rolls 1990, 1999a, 2000a). A reward is anything for which an animal will work. A punisher is anything an animal will work to escape or avoid. An example of an emotion might thus be happiness produced by being given a rewar ...
Basic Mechanisms Underlying Seizures and Epilepsy
... Summary of abnormal integration of newborn granule cells and their putative role in seizures 1. Newborn granule cells sprout mossy fibers axons that result in aberrant integration into Hippocampal circuitry. 2. Newborn granule cells sprout hilar basal dendrites that receive mossy fiber synapses in ...
... Summary of abnormal integration of newborn granule cells and their putative role in seizures 1. Newborn granule cells sprout mossy fibers axons that result in aberrant integration into Hippocampal circuitry. 2. Newborn granule cells sprout hilar basal dendrites that receive mossy fiber synapses in ...
Role of the Basal Ganglia in the Control of Purposive - lsr
... often called “parkinsonian mask” (283), which is due partly to the paucity of spontaneous gaze shifts (saccadic eye movements). Parkinsonian patients may make a saccade, on command, to a visual object with little difficulty, yet their voluntary saccades are rare. These facts suggest that the basal g ...
... often called “parkinsonian mask” (283), which is due partly to the paucity of spontaneous gaze shifts (saccadic eye movements). Parkinsonian patients may make a saccade, on command, to a visual object with little difficulty, yet their voluntary saccades are rare. These facts suggest that the basal g ...
Efficient coding and the neural representation of value
... (time-discounted) sum of all expected future rewards associated with any given set of actions. In each iterative learning experience, this value function is updated by a quantity determined by the RPE and the learning rate (a model parameter that adjusts the strength with which unexpected rewards up ...
... (time-discounted) sum of all expected future rewards associated with any given set of actions. In each iterative learning experience, this value function is updated by a quantity determined by the RPE and the learning rate (a model parameter that adjusts the strength with which unexpected rewards up ...
2011-Morrison and Nakamura_review
... thermoregulatory behavior to reduce heat loss, cutaneous vasoconstriction (CVC) to conserve heat in the body core, piloerection, non-shivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and shivering thermogenesis in skeletal muscle. For example, a functional neuroanatomical model of the core pathw ...
... thermoregulatory behavior to reduce heat loss, cutaneous vasoconstriction (CVC) to conserve heat in the body core, piloerection, non-shivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and shivering thermogenesis in skeletal muscle. For example, a functional neuroanatomical model of the core pathw ...
Nitric Oxide Synthase Protein and mRNA Are
... cloning of NOS reveals recognition sites for flavin adenine dinucleotide and flavin mononucleotide, as well as NADPH (Bredt et al., 1991). The amino acid sequence of brain NOS has substantial homology with that of cytochrome P-450 reductase. Our initial immunohistochemical maps of NOS in ...
... cloning of NOS reveals recognition sites for flavin adenine dinucleotide and flavin mononucleotide, as well as NADPH (Bredt et al., 1991). The amino acid sequence of brain NOS has substantial homology with that of cytochrome P-450 reductase. Our initial immunohistochemical maps of NOS in ...
propofol alters vesicular transport in rat cortical neuronal cultures
... Fig. 1. Propofol induces retrograde vesicle movement and increase vesicular velocity in neurons. (A) A neuron in Ca2+-containing medium (CCM) is shown 5 minutes (time -5) before exposure to propofol in a differential interference contrast image, with the cell body to the left and a branched neurite ...
... Fig. 1. Propofol induces retrograde vesicle movement and increase vesicular velocity in neurons. (A) A neuron in Ca2+-containing medium (CCM) is shown 5 minutes (time -5) before exposure to propofol in a differential interference contrast image, with the cell body to the left and a branched neurite ...
A Lipid Gate for the Peripheral Control of Pain
... nonoverlapping patterns of pharmacological selectivity (Spradley et al., 2010). Local MGL inhibition with the compound JZL-184 suppresses capsaicinevoked nocifensive behavior and heat hypersensitivity through both CB1- and CB2-selective mechanisms, without altering capsaicin-evoked mechanical allody ...
... nonoverlapping patterns of pharmacological selectivity (Spradley et al., 2010). Local MGL inhibition with the compound JZL-184 suppresses capsaicinevoked nocifensive behavior and heat hypersensitivity through both CB1- and CB2-selective mechanisms, without altering capsaicin-evoked mechanical allody ...
neural_networks
... But, not all votes are equal neuronal vote is not a true democracy. Some ‘yes’ votes count more than others do. Example, an affirmative decision by a postsynaptic neuron may require only a relatively small number of ‘yes’ votes from its heavily weighted inputs. ...
... But, not all votes are equal neuronal vote is not a true democracy. Some ‘yes’ votes count more than others do. Example, an affirmative decision by a postsynaptic neuron may require only a relatively small number of ‘yes’ votes from its heavily weighted inputs. ...
Gpr126 is essential for peripheral nerve development and
... proliferation, ensheathment and myelination (Garratt et al., 2000; Michailov et al., 2004; Taveggia et al., 2005). The transcription factors Pou3f1, Pou3f2 and Egr2 are required for the development of mature myelinating Schwann cells. Pou3f1 and Pou3f2 are required for the timely differentiation of ...
... proliferation, ensheathment and myelination (Garratt et al., 2000; Michailov et al., 2004; Taveggia et al., 2005). The transcription factors Pou3f1, Pou3f2 and Egr2 are required for the development of mature myelinating Schwann cells. Pou3f1 and Pou3f2 are required for the timely differentiation of ...
ch_12_lecture_presentation
... A myelinated axon, showing the organization of Schwann cells along the length of the axon. Also shown are stages in the formation of a myelin sheath by a single Schwann cell along a portion of a single axon. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... A myelinated axon, showing the organization of Schwann cells along the length of the axon. Also shown are stages in the formation of a myelin sheath by a single Schwann cell along a portion of a single axon. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
lmmunocytochemical Localization of Protein Kinase C lsozymes in
... Distribution of PKC isozymesin the olfactory bulb Previously, immunoblot analysisshowedthat the olfactory bulb hasa higher level of type III PKC per unit cellular protein than those of the other 2 PKCs. In the present immunofluorescent ...
... Distribution of PKC isozymesin the olfactory bulb Previously, immunoblot analysisshowedthat the olfactory bulb hasa higher level of type III PKC per unit cellular protein than those of the other 2 PKCs. In the present immunofluorescent ...
Channelrhodopsin
Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.