Loss of TDP-43 causes age-dependent progressive motor neuron
... Laboratory for Motor Neuron Disease, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan Department of P ...
... Laboratory for Motor Neuron Disease, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan Department of P ...
Making Arm Movements Within Different Parts of Space: Dynamic
... was often changed. Thus, within any one cube, the animals made arm movements in 8 different directions, all starting from a common central position (Fig. 1B). Because of the side-by-side arrangement of the cubes, the 8 different directions in any 1 cube were parallel to the 8 different movement dire ...
... was often changed. Thus, within any one cube, the animals made arm movements in 8 different directions, all starting from a common central position (Fig. 1B). Because of the side-by-side arrangement of the cubes, the 8 different directions in any 1 cube were parallel to the 8 different movement dire ...
Thalamocortidal Axons Extend Along a Chondroitin Sulfate
... Axonal pathways are formed with great precision in the developing nervous system, providing a strong indication that the molecular guidancesignalsfor axonal growth conesare distributed with similar spatial and temporal precision. Although none of these signalshave been identified with certainty, it ...
... Axonal pathways are formed with great precision in the developing nervous system, providing a strong indication that the molecular guidancesignalsfor axonal growth conesare distributed with similar spatial and temporal precision. Although none of these signalshave been identified with certainty, it ...
Cortex-inspired Developmental Learning for Vision-based Navigation, Attention and Recognition
... to automatically generate internal representations, without a need of human programmers to pre-design task-specific (symbolic) concepts. Its balanced coarse-to-fine tree structure guaranteed real-time retrieval in self-generated high-dimensional state space. K-Nearest Neighbor strategy was adopted in ...
... to automatically generate internal representations, without a need of human programmers to pre-design task-specific (symbolic) concepts. Its balanced coarse-to-fine tree structure guaranteed real-time retrieval in self-generated high-dimensional state space. K-Nearest Neighbor strategy was adopted in ...
Rearrangement of microtubule polarity orientation during conversion
... was hard to identify the original dendrite among the complicated network of processes in old cultures, we could find one example of the original dendrite that elongated to form an axon after 3 days of culture. Almost all microtubules were plus end-distal in the most proximal region of the original de ...
... was hard to identify the original dendrite among the complicated network of processes in old cultures, we could find one example of the original dendrite that elongated to form an axon after 3 days of culture. Almost all microtubules were plus end-distal in the most proximal region of the original de ...
Axon
... b. Which glial cell protects the CNS from chemicals and hormones circulating in the blood? c. Which type of neuroglia would occur in increased numbers in the brain tissue of a person with a CNS infection? © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... b. Which glial cell protects the CNS from chemicals and hormones circulating in the blood? c. Which type of neuroglia would occur in increased numbers in the brain tissue of a person with a CNS infection? © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Multi-item Memory in the Primate Prefrontal Cortex
... activity that depended on the identity of both images (a minority reflected just one image), and that activity related to a given combination of images was only partially predictable from each neuron’s activity to individual images. A model to predict the resultant neural activity was tested. We als ...
... activity that depended on the identity of both images (a minority reflected just one image), and that activity related to a given combination of images was only partially predictable from each neuron’s activity to individual images. A model to predict the resultant neural activity was tested. We als ...
Sensory receptors
... Overview: Sensing and Acting • Bats use sonar to detect their prey • Moths, a common prey for bats, can detect the bat’s sonar and attempt to flee • Both organisms have complex sensory systems that facilitate survival • These systems include diverse mechanisms that sense stimuli and generate ap ...
... Overview: Sensing and Acting • Bats use sonar to detect their prey • Moths, a common prey for bats, can detect the bat’s sonar and attempt to flee • Both organisms have complex sensory systems that facilitate survival • These systems include diverse mechanisms that sense stimuli and generate ap ...
On real-world temporal pattern recognition using Liquid State
... The world around us is extremely dynamic, everything changes continuously over time. Whether it’s growth, development or just plain physics, we’re surrounded with change. Nature equipped us very well to deal with it. We’re brilliant at detecting and coping with these changes, even as they do occur o ...
... The world around us is extremely dynamic, everything changes continuously over time. Whether it’s growth, development or just plain physics, we’re surrounded with change. Nature equipped us very well to deal with it. We’re brilliant at detecting and coping with these changes, even as they do occur o ...
How Reliably Does a Neuron in the Visual Motion Pathway of fhe Fly
... Typical motion traces generated by the fly under closed-loop conditions were replayed to the animal many times while recording the activity of the H1-cell. The diagram in the left middle part of Figure 1 depicts consecutive individual responses of the neuron to subsequent presentations of such a mot ...
... Typical motion traces generated by the fly under closed-loop conditions were replayed to the animal many times while recording the activity of the H1-cell. The diagram in the left middle part of Figure 1 depicts consecutive individual responses of the neuron to subsequent presentations of such a mot ...
Genetic Ablation of Orexin Neurons in Mice Results in Narcolepsy
... alleles being found in more than 85% of all narcoleptic patients (Kadotani et al., 1998). The genetics of human narcolepsy, however, have remained unclear. Positional cloning has identified mutations in the OX2R (hcrtr-2) gene as the cause of narcolepsy in a canine model (Lin et al., 1999), and mice ...
... alleles being found in more than 85% of all narcoleptic patients (Kadotani et al., 1998). The genetics of human narcolepsy, however, have remained unclear. Positional cloning has identified mutations in the OX2R (hcrtr-2) gene as the cause of narcolepsy in a canine model (Lin et al., 1999), and mice ...
Autonomic NS
... • An axon may synapse with postganglionic neurons in the ganglion it first reaches or • Sympathetic chains or • An axon may continue, without synapsing, through the sympathetic trunk ganglion to end at a prevertebral ganglion and synapse with postganglionic neurons there or • An axon may pass throug ...
... • An axon may synapse with postganglionic neurons in the ganglion it first reaches or • Sympathetic chains or • An axon may continue, without synapsing, through the sympathetic trunk ganglion to end at a prevertebral ganglion and synapse with postganglionic neurons there or • An axon may pass throug ...
Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the control
... between the hippocampal formation and structures in the brain reward circuitry. Direct stimulation of the vSUB increases the population of active DA neurons in the VTA via polysynaptic pathways relayed through the NAc (Grace et al., 2007). Although the vSUB does not project directly to the VTA DA ne ...
... between the hippocampal formation and structures in the brain reward circuitry. Direct stimulation of the vSUB increases the population of active DA neurons in the VTA via polysynaptic pathways relayed through the NAc (Grace et al., 2007). Although the vSUB does not project directly to the VTA DA ne ...
Figure 15.9
... • An axon may synapse with postganglionic neurons in the ganglion it first reaches or • Sympathetic chains or • An axon may continue, without synapsing, through the sympathetic trunk ganglion to end at a prevertebral ganglion and synapse with postganglionic neurons there or • An axon may pass throug ...
... • An axon may synapse with postganglionic neurons in the ganglion it first reaches or • Sympathetic chains or • An axon may continue, without synapsing, through the sympathetic trunk ganglion to end at a prevertebral ganglion and synapse with postganglionic neurons there or • An axon may pass throug ...
USING SIMPLE ANIMATIONS IN PHYSIOLOGY TEACHING
... the students a simple method for deducing them. I would only exhort them to ‘‘reason it out’’ or ‘‘visualize it,’’ reassuring them that it wasn’t difficult. It was, however, difficult to most of them, as I knew when in the tests, most of them would fall back upon an older model of ventilatory contro ...
... the students a simple method for deducing them. I would only exhort them to ‘‘reason it out’’ or ‘‘visualize it,’’ reassuring them that it wasn’t difficult. It was, however, difficult to most of them, as I knew when in the tests, most of them would fall back upon an older model of ventilatory contro ...
Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity Signaling Controls the Anterior–Posterior
... Quantification of cell body orientation. To assess and quantify mdDA cell body orientation defects in Fzd3 mutant mice, sagittal sections from E12.5 Fzd3⫺/⫺ embryos (n ⫽ 3) and littermate controls (n ⫽ 3) were immunostained with anti-TH antibodies and counterstained with DAPI. Images through the lat ...
... Quantification of cell body orientation. To assess and quantify mdDA cell body orientation defects in Fzd3 mutant mice, sagittal sections from E12.5 Fzd3⫺/⫺ embryos (n ⫽ 3) and littermate controls (n ⫽ 3) were immunostained with anti-TH antibodies and counterstained with DAPI. Images through the lat ...
Document
... If an incoming message is not strong enough to cause a neuron to fire, it may cause a shift in the electrical charge of just a tiny area of the neuron. This shift, which quickly fades away, is called a(n) ________. a. resting potential b. action potential Incorrect: An action potential refers to a s ...
... If an incoming message is not strong enough to cause a neuron to fire, it may cause a shift in the electrical charge of just a tiny area of the neuron. This shift, which quickly fades away, is called a(n) ________. a. resting potential b. action potential Incorrect: An action potential refers to a s ...
Chapter 9 Sleep and Biological Rhythms
... Appears to be a neurodegenerative disorder with at least some genetic component ...
... Appears to be a neurodegenerative disorder with at least some genetic component ...
Current Challenges Facing the Translation of Brain
... to point processes using voltage thresholding, simplifying the design of decoding algorithms, especially when large MEAs are employed. Further analysis using automated or semiautomated clustering algorithms or manual feature detection allows classification of multiple individual neurons recorded fro ...
... to point processes using voltage thresholding, simplifying the design of decoding algorithms, especially when large MEAs are employed. Further analysis using automated or semiautomated clustering algorithms or manual feature detection allows classification of multiple individual neurons recorded fro ...
A Dendritic Disinhibitory Circuit Mechanism for Pathway
... different regions (e.g. basal or apical tuft) of dendritic trees of pyramidal neurons20 . We hypoth- ...
... different regions (e.g. basal or apical tuft) of dendritic trees of pyramidal neurons20 . We hypoth- ...
Axon Physiology - Physiological Reviews
... points under certain conditions. Axonal geometry together with the biophysical properties of voltage-gated channels determines the timing of propagation of the output message in different axonal branches. In addition, axons link central neurons through gap junctions that allow ultra-fast network syn ...
... points under certain conditions. Axonal geometry together with the biophysical properties of voltage-gated channels determines the timing of propagation of the output message in different axonal branches. In addition, axons link central neurons through gap junctions that allow ultra-fast network syn ...
Sustained conditioned responses in prelimbic prefrontal neurons are
... within bursts. As in our previous study (Burgos-Robles et al., 2007), a burst was defined as three or more consecutive spikes with an interspike interval of ⬍25 ms between the first two spikes and ⬍50 ms for subsequent spikes. This criterion is consistent with previously reported firing properties o ...
... within bursts. As in our previous study (Burgos-Robles et al., 2007), a burst was defined as three or more consecutive spikes with an interspike interval of ⬍25 ms between the first two spikes and ⬍50 ms for subsequent spikes. This criterion is consistent with previously reported firing properties o ...
Channelrhodopsin
Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.