A Cortical Substrate for Memory
... period whisking preceding leftward versus rightward movements. No significant differences were found (Figure S1). Furthermore, in the video analyzed, the whiskers were held still during the memory delay period (Movie S2, compare to exploratory whisking in Movie S1 and out-of-task whisking Movie S3). ...
... period whisking preceding leftward versus rightward movements. No significant differences were found (Figure S1). Furthermore, in the video analyzed, the whiskers were held still during the memory delay period (Movie S2, compare to exploratory whisking in Movie S1 and out-of-task whisking Movie S3). ...
Significance of the cranial neural crest
... al., 2003). In the head, the neural crest is the prime source of skeletal tissue, and here these cells are thought to pattern the arches. Second, if the neural crest cells do pattern the arches, then this also provides an explanation of how the different tissues of the developing head can be coordin ...
... al., 2003). In the head, the neural crest is the prime source of skeletal tissue, and here these cells are thought to pattern the arches. Second, if the neural crest cells do pattern the arches, then this also provides an explanation of how the different tissues of the developing head can be coordin ...
Weak orientation and direction selectivity in lateral geniculate
... responses, while layers 3abc were primarily transient. Transitions into and out of layers 2 and 3b were easily identified, as these layers respond to ipsilateral stimulation (Figure 1A). Typically, several penetrations were made to establish the locations of the different layers as accessed through ...
... responses, while layers 3abc were primarily transient. Transitions into and out of layers 2 and 3b were easily identified, as these layers respond to ipsilateral stimulation (Figure 1A). Typically, several penetrations were made to establish the locations of the different layers as accessed through ...
Realizing Biological Spiking Network Models in a Configurable
... NE of the challenges in simulating large neural networks in a parallel, distributed manner is to ensure sufficient communication bandwidth between the computation nodes. Depending on the neural connection densites and the actual spike rates, communication can in fact constitute the major bottleneck l ...
... NE of the challenges in simulating large neural networks in a parallel, distributed manner is to ensure sufficient communication bandwidth between the computation nodes. Depending on the neural connection densites and the actual spike rates, communication can in fact constitute the major bottleneck l ...
Binocular vision, the optic chiasm, and their associations with
... bifocal vision developed to enable predation or to increase perception in restricted light conditions applies mainly to mammals. The eye-forelimb (EF) hypothesis presented here suggests that the reception of visual feedback of limb movements in the limb steering cerebral hemisphere was the fundament ...
... bifocal vision developed to enable predation or to increase perception in restricted light conditions applies mainly to mammals. The eye-forelimb (EF) hypothesis presented here suggests that the reception of visual feedback of limb movements in the limb steering cerebral hemisphere was the fundament ...
involvement of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis activated by
... was white with a textured floor. The time spent in each compartment during a period of 15 min (900 s) was measured automatically in a blind fashion using a computer system (KN-80; Natsume Seisakusho, Tokyo, Japan). The apparatus was enclosed by a sound- and light-attenuated box under conditions of d ...
... was white with a textured floor. The time spent in each compartment during a period of 15 min (900 s) was measured automatically in a blind fashion using a computer system (KN-80; Natsume Seisakusho, Tokyo, Japan). The apparatus was enclosed by a sound- and light-attenuated box under conditions of d ...
central effects of centripetal impulses in axons of spinal ventral roots
... employed but the action potentials of a second neuron, which discharged 4-5 times, were recorded. At a position intermediate between the two points (records b), small potential changes indicated the activity of both neurons and perhaps of others as well. Current concepts suggest that the repetitive ...
... employed but the action potentials of a second neuron, which discharged 4-5 times, were recorded. At a position intermediate between the two points (records b), small potential changes indicated the activity of both neurons and perhaps of others as well. Current concepts suggest that the repetitive ...
Expression of the Emx-1 and Dlx-1 homeobox genes define three
... quail cells. (C) The rostralmost tip of the neural dorsal hemitube gives rise to ‘basal’ structures of the telencephalic vesicle; the dotted line marks the limit of the chick striatum. (D,E) Coronal sections through the brains of chimeras with rostral (D) and caudal (E) grafts similar to those illus ...
... quail cells. (C) The rostralmost tip of the neural dorsal hemitube gives rise to ‘basal’ structures of the telencephalic vesicle; the dotted line marks the limit of the chick striatum. (D,E) Coronal sections through the brains of chimeras with rostral (D) and caudal (E) grafts similar to those illus ...
Expert system, fuzzy logic, and neural network applications in power
... can be described by flowcharts, or finite-state machine programs, are specially structured to resemble the human thinking process. Figure 1 shows the basic elements of the expert system. The core of the expert system is the representation of knowledge transferred from the human domain expert. The do ...
... can be described by flowcharts, or finite-state machine programs, are specially structured to resemble the human thinking process. Figure 1 shows the basic elements of the expert system. The core of the expert system is the representation of knowledge transferred from the human domain expert. The do ...
Cicc4e_02-FINAL_PPT
... What are the nervous system, neurons, and nerves, and how do they relate to one another? How do neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body? How do the brain and spinal cord interact, and what are some misconceptions about the brain, and what is neuroplasticity? Ho ...
... What are the nervous system, neurons, and nerves, and how do they relate to one another? How do neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body? How do the brain and spinal cord interact, and what are some misconceptions about the brain, and what is neuroplasticity? Ho ...
Review Mitochondrial movement and positioning in axons
... mitochondrial motility in the axon? Since the activity of the growth cone has a pronounced influence on the behavior of mitochondria (Morris and Hollenbeck, 1993), we have focused on signals that affect axonal outgrowth, particularly neurotrophins. Neurotrophins are trophic factors that act via the ...
... mitochondrial motility in the axon? Since the activity of the growth cone has a pronounced influence on the behavior of mitochondria (Morris and Hollenbeck, 1993), we have focused on signals that affect axonal outgrowth, particularly neurotrophins. Neurotrophins are trophic factors that act via the ...
166 - UCSF Physiology - University of California, San Francisco
... locations between neuronal axons and dendrites. On the presynaptic side, it depends on the proper assembly of different synaptic vesicle pools at the active zone (Rosenmund and Stevens, 1996; Schneggenburger et al., 1999; Wu and Borst, 1999; Schikorski and Stevens, 2001; Mozhayeva et al., 2002; Tasc ...
... locations between neuronal axons and dendrites. On the presynaptic side, it depends on the proper assembly of different synaptic vesicle pools at the active zone (Rosenmund and Stevens, 1996; Schneggenburger et al., 1999; Wu and Borst, 1999; Schikorski and Stevens, 2001; Mozhayeva et al., 2002; Tasc ...
Experimental Models of Parkinson`s Disease: Insights from Many
... The observation that signs of motor dysfunction associated with PD result from striatal dopamine depletion prompted application of reserpine in other species. For example, administration of reserpine to rodents induces a hypokinetic state (reduced movements) (10) due to depletion of dopamine at the ...
... The observation that signs of motor dysfunction associated with PD result from striatal dopamine depletion prompted application of reserpine in other species. For example, administration of reserpine to rodents induces a hypokinetic state (reduced movements) (10) due to depletion of dopamine at the ...
The Thalamic Projections of the Spinothalamic Tract
... part of the ventro-posterior-lateral nucleus” [64,65], “magnocellular medial geniculate” [89], “suprageniculate nucleus,” or “posterior nuclear group” [73]. Thus, in 1965 Mehler could state that “neurological and clinical neurophysiological observations cast serious doubt on the classical notion tha ...
... part of the ventro-posterior-lateral nucleus” [64,65], “magnocellular medial geniculate” [89], “suprageniculate nucleus,” or “posterior nuclear group” [73]. Thus, in 1965 Mehler could state that “neurological and clinical neurophysiological observations cast serious doubt on the classical notion tha ...
Unique features of the human brainstem and cerebellum
... (CR) area.” We subsequently found a CR area in the MVe of other species, including squirrel and macaque monkeys, chimpanzees, and humans (Baizer and Baker, 2006a; Baizer and Broussard, 2010; Baizer et al., 2013a). Figure 2 illustrates the CR area in the cat (Figure 2A), macaque monkey (Figure 2B), c ...
... (CR) area.” We subsequently found a CR area in the MVe of other species, including squirrel and macaque monkeys, chimpanzees, and humans (Baizer and Baker, 2006a; Baizer and Broussard, 2010; Baizer et al., 2013a). Figure 2 illustrates the CR area in the cat (Figure 2A), macaque monkey (Figure 2B), c ...
The Gene Encoding Disabled-1 (DAB1), the Intracellular Adaptor of
... the most affected include those of the cortical plate in the cortex and hippocampus, Purkinje cells, and inferior olivary neurons. In human, mutations in Reelin result in a specific lissencephaly with mental retardation and severe abnormalities of the cerebellum, hippocampus, and brain stem (Norman- ...
... the most affected include those of the cortical plate in the cortex and hippocampus, Purkinje cells, and inferior olivary neurons. In human, mutations in Reelin result in a specific lissencephaly with mental retardation and severe abnormalities of the cerebellum, hippocampus, and brain stem (Norman- ...
Neuronal-Derived Nitric Oxide and Somatodendritically Released
... rats. The VP-eGFP neuron, or non-eGFP (OT) neuron near the preconstricted vessel, was detected using fluorescence microscopy and patched using DIC and recordings performed using the whole-cell configuration. The internal solution consisted of (in mM) the following: 135 K $ gluconate, 10 HEPES, 0.2 E ...
... rats. The VP-eGFP neuron, or non-eGFP (OT) neuron near the preconstricted vessel, was detected using fluorescence microscopy and patched using DIC and recordings performed using the whole-cell configuration. The internal solution consisted of (in mM) the following: 135 K $ gluconate, 10 HEPES, 0.2 E ...
Surface-view connectivity patterns of area 18 in cats
... groups of patches of neurons progressed in a rostrocaudal sequence that corresponded to the order of tracer injections in area 18 (see also Fig. 1A). Although connections of area 18 with areas 17, 19 and suprasylvian cortex were topological, in many instances there was an overlapping of patches of l ...
... groups of patches of neurons progressed in a rostrocaudal sequence that corresponded to the order of tracer injections in area 18 (see also Fig. 1A). Although connections of area 18 with areas 17, 19 and suprasylvian cortex were topological, in many instances there was an overlapping of patches of l ...
Slide 1
... by pairing EPSPs with action potential firing. (a) CA1 pyramidal neuron filled with a Ca 2+-sensitive dye showing approximate location of TTX application (circle), strategically positioned to block action potential backpropagation without blocking action potential firing at the soma or synaptic tran ...
... by pairing EPSPs with action potential firing. (a) CA1 pyramidal neuron filled with a Ca 2+-sensitive dye showing approximate location of TTX application (circle), strategically positioned to block action potential backpropagation without blocking action potential firing at the soma or synaptic tran ...
Implied Motion Activation in Cortical Area MT Can Be
... Data from the reverse correlation recordings were analyzed as described previously (Borghuis et al., 2003). In short, motion direction tuning functions were computed by reverse correlating the response to the rapid sequence of displacements of the RDP. The preferred direction was defined as the dire ...
... Data from the reverse correlation recordings were analyzed as described previously (Borghuis et al., 2003). In short, motion direction tuning functions were computed by reverse correlating the response to the rapid sequence of displacements of the RDP. The preferred direction was defined as the dire ...
Mapping the Brain
... immediate classification of neurons into large classes: sensory neurons (with distinctive sensory dendrites and cilia), motor neurons (with neuromuscular junctions) and interneurons (a term that is used in C. elegans to describe any neuron that is not evidently sensory or motor, encompassing project ...
... immediate classification of neurons into large classes: sensory neurons (with distinctive sensory dendrites and cilia), motor neurons (with neuromuscular junctions) and interneurons (a term that is used in C. elegans to describe any neuron that is not evidently sensory or motor, encompassing project ...
Channelrhodopsin
Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.