PDF version - Richard Andersen
... yielding an “activity index” for each neuron, in each phase of the however, probably primarily subservesdifferent functions. task. We calculated the activity index for the LS and M phases and for three phases related to the saccade: a presaccadic (Pre-S), a saccade-coincident (S-Co), and a postsacca ...
... yielding an “activity index” for each neuron, in each phase of the however, probably primarily subservesdifferent functions. task. We calculated the activity index for the LS and M phases and for three phases related to the saccade: a presaccadic (Pre-S), a saccade-coincident (S-Co), and a postsacca ...
Eye Movements - Center for Neural Science
... As we learned in Chapter 28, the photoreceptor mosaic of the vertebrate retina transduces light energy in the form of photons into neural activity, ultimately in the form of action potentials. The spatial resolution of this transduction system is limited by the resolution of the photoreceptor mosaic ...
... As we learned in Chapter 28, the photoreceptor mosaic of the vertebrate retina transduces light energy in the form of photons into neural activity, ultimately in the form of action potentials. The spatial resolution of this transduction system is limited by the resolution of the photoreceptor mosaic ...
Theta rhythm and the encoding and retrieval of space and time ⁎ Michael E. Hasselmo , Chantal E. Stern
... the hippocampus (Rawlins et al., 1979) and entorhinal cortex (Mitchell et al., 1982) cause memory impairments in tasks including delayed spatial alternation (Aggleton et al., 1995; Givens and Olton, 1990), delayed non-match to position (Markowska et al., 1989), delayed response (Numan and Quaranta, ...
... the hippocampus (Rawlins et al., 1979) and entorhinal cortex (Mitchell et al., 1982) cause memory impairments in tasks including delayed spatial alternation (Aggleton et al., 1995; Givens and Olton, 1990), delayed non-match to position (Markowska et al., 1989), delayed response (Numan and Quaranta, ...
chapter 4 the evolution of body, brain, behavior, and mind in
... life in the water as tadpoles, with tails used for swimming and gills for breathing. They do not develop functional lungs until they have metamorphosed. Moreover, lacking a diaphragm, the amphibian lung is a less efficient air exchange apparatus than the lungs of higher vertebrates. Amphibians rely ...
... life in the water as tadpoles, with tails used for swimming and gills for breathing. They do not develop functional lungs until they have metamorphosed. Moreover, lacking a diaphragm, the amphibian lung is a less efficient air exchange apparatus than the lungs of higher vertebrates. Amphibians rely ...
Eye-specific Segregation Requires Neural Activity in Three
... weeks after a TTX-Elvax cuff was placed on the animal’s left optic nerve. Even after 3 weeks the TTX is being released at a high enough concentration to poison the optic nerve. Moreover, no single- or multiple-unit activity could be evoked from the TTX-poisoned retinas of any of these animals using ...
... weeks after a TTX-Elvax cuff was placed on the animal’s left optic nerve. Even after 3 weeks the TTX is being released at a high enough concentration to poison the optic nerve. Moreover, no single- or multiple-unit activity could be evoked from the TTX-poisoned retinas of any of these animals using ...
Quinto trabajo
... differentially regulated in Bax null mutant animals. Bim protein levels increased in both brain areas examined but with a distinct temporal pattern. On the other hand, Bak was only increased at early stages of cortical postnatal development, whereas Bad was unchanged. Furthermore, pro-survival prote ...
... differentially regulated in Bax null mutant animals. Bim protein levels increased in both brain areas examined but with a distinct temporal pattern. On the other hand, Bak was only increased at early stages of cortical postnatal development, whereas Bad was unchanged. Furthermore, pro-survival prote ...
PDF
... low levels of trkA mRNA and p75 mRNA in trigeminal cultures and dissected whole ganglia. The reverse transcription and PCR reactions were calibrated by the inclusion of control RNA templates in the reverse transcription reaction. The control RNA templates were transcribed in vitro from trkA and p75 ...
... low levels of trkA mRNA and p75 mRNA in trigeminal cultures and dissected whole ganglia. The reverse transcription and PCR reactions were calibrated by the inclusion of control RNA templates in the reverse transcription reaction. The control RNA templates were transcribed in vitro from trkA and p75 ...
Dopamine: generalization and bonuses
... predict the occurrence of the reward based on the stimulus. In the lower traces of (A) and (B), it is assumed that there is a fixed interval between stimulus and reward, so, unlike the upper traces, the model dopamine activity is not separately triggered on these two events. (C) In a different exper ...
... predict the occurrence of the reward based on the stimulus. In the lower traces of (A) and (B), it is assumed that there is a fixed interval between stimulus and reward, so, unlike the upper traces, the model dopamine activity is not separately triggered on these two events. (C) In a different exper ...
Individual olfactory sensory neurons project into more than one
... 2D). Once the axon arrived in the olfactory bulb, it bifurcated into two axonal branches, a and b. Downstream, each of these branches bifurcated again giving rise to subbranches a1 and a2, as well as b1 and b2. The subbranches a1 and b1 innervated one glomerulus, and subbranches a2 and b2 ran into a ...
... 2D). Once the axon arrived in the olfactory bulb, it bifurcated into two axonal branches, a and b. Downstream, each of these branches bifurcated again giving rise to subbranches a1 and a2, as well as b1 and b2. The subbranches a1 and b1 innervated one glomerulus, and subbranches a2 and b2 ran into a ...
Discrete coding of stimulus value, reward expectation, and reward
... delivery). After a neuron was isolated, the neuronal activity was first recorded with a 0.5-s delay and ...
... delivery). After a neuron was isolated, the neuronal activity was first recorded with a 0.5-s delay and ...
Pleiotrophin is a Neurotrophic Factor for Spinal Motor Neurons
... eripheral nerve injury leads to Wallerian degeneration of axons and denervation of Schwann cells distal to the site of injury. Denervated Schwann cells secrete a variety of growth factors and assume the role of ‘‘transient target’’ for regenerating axons (1, 2). Among these neurotrophic molecules ar ...
... eripheral nerve injury leads to Wallerian degeneration of axons and denervation of Schwann cells distal to the site of injury. Denervated Schwann cells secrete a variety of growth factors and assume the role of ‘‘transient target’’ for regenerating axons (1, 2). Among these neurotrophic molecules ar ...
Visual Adaptation: Physiology, Mechanisms, and Functional Benefits
... stimuli over which the cell’s responsiveness is modulated (i.e., it can change tuning curve slope) (see also Bair and Movshon 2004; Dean et al. 2005; Nagel and Doupe 2006). A related approach was used by Sharpee et al. (2006), who showed that neural filters in cat V1 differ during and after exposure ...
... stimuli over which the cell’s responsiveness is modulated (i.e., it can change tuning curve slope) (see also Bair and Movshon 2004; Dean et al. 2005; Nagel and Doupe 2006). A related approach was used by Sharpee et al. (2006), who showed that neural filters in cat V1 differ during and after exposure ...
Electronic Realization of Human Brain`s Neo
... of neurons in the human brain’s neo-cortex. The biological neo-cortex of the human brain consists of innumerable number of columns. Each column is made of six layers with millions of neurons in each layer. This implementation consists of ten columns with thirty-six neurons in each, i.e. six neurons ...
... of neurons in the human brain’s neo-cortex. The biological neo-cortex of the human brain consists of innumerable number of columns. Each column is made of six layers with millions of neurons in each layer. This implementation consists of ten columns with thirty-six neurons in each, i.e. six neurons ...
GABAergic Influence on Taste Information in the Central Gustatory
... terminals and areas of primary afferent termination of gustatory axons were located together in the goldfish vagal lobe, an area homologous but more clearly organized than the NST in mammals because of its laminar organization (Sharp and Finger, 2006). The results of this study support the idea that ...
... terminals and areas of primary afferent termination of gustatory axons were located together in the goldfish vagal lobe, an area homologous but more clearly organized than the NST in mammals because of its laminar organization (Sharp and Finger, 2006). The results of this study support the idea that ...
A population density approach that facilitates slow inhibitory synapses
... network is comprised of large, sparsely connected subpopulations of identical neurons each receiving a large number of synaptic inputs. We showed (Nykamp and Tranchina, 2000) that the model produces good results, at least in some test networks, even when all these conditions that guarantee accuracy ...
... network is comprised of large, sparsely connected subpopulations of identical neurons each receiving a large number of synaptic inputs. We showed (Nykamp and Tranchina, 2000) that the model produces good results, at least in some test networks, even when all these conditions that guarantee accuracy ...
Stress - Neuroanatomy
... 1. Which of the following is FALSE regarding lesions of the amygdala? A. TRUE a lesion would affect emotional memories! JKH note of interest: Imagine driving down the road and having an accident. You hit your head on the steering wheel and the horn gets stuck on. You're bleeding and in pain. It's aw ...
... 1. Which of the following is FALSE regarding lesions of the amygdala? A. TRUE a lesion would affect emotional memories! JKH note of interest: Imagine driving down the road and having an accident. You hit your head on the steering wheel and the horn gets stuck on. You're bleeding and in pain. It's aw ...
Volumetric Two-photon Imaging of Neurons Using
... with movable objectives, remote focusing [11], or a liquid lens [6]. However, if the frame rate for single plane imaging is N frames/sec, and the number of planes imaged per volume in m, then the aggregate volume frame rate is reduced to N {m. Many calcium indicators have on-response kinetics below ...
... with movable objectives, remote focusing [11], or a liquid lens [6]. However, if the frame rate for single plane imaging is N frames/sec, and the number of planes imaged per volume in m, then the aggregate volume frame rate is reduced to N {m. Many calcium indicators have on-response kinetics below ...
resting membrane potential
... • For any given ion, there must be an oppositely charged ion in the solution • The oppositely charged ion is called the counterion • In the cytosol, potassium (K+) ions serve as counterions for the trapped anions; outside the cell, Na+ is the main cation with Cl– as its counterion ...
... • For any given ion, there must be an oppositely charged ion in the solution • The oppositely charged ion is called the counterion • In the cytosol, potassium (K+) ions serve as counterions for the trapped anions; outside the cell, Na+ is the main cation with Cl– as its counterion ...
The Roles of Dopamine - ETH E
... inhibitory synaptic transmission. While the nature of neuromodulation of inhibitory transmission is still debated, it appears that in both the cortex and the striatum, D1 receptor activation selectively enhances NMDA but not AMPA synaptic transmission. Because of their voltage dependence, NMDA curre ...
... inhibitory synaptic transmission. While the nature of neuromodulation of inhibitory transmission is still debated, it appears that in both the cortex and the striatum, D1 receptor activation selectively enhances NMDA but not AMPA synaptic transmission. Because of their voltage dependence, NMDA curre ...
Imaging Auditory Representations of Song and Syllables in
... relating a neuron’s activity to the functional organization of surrounding neurons. Moreover, HVC contains at least three cell types, including one PN (HVCRA) that innervates the song motor nucleus RA, another PN (HVCX) that innervates a striatopallidal region (Area X), and interneurons (HVCI) (see ...
... relating a neuron’s activity to the functional organization of surrounding neurons. Moreover, HVC contains at least three cell types, including one PN (HVCRA) that innervates the song motor nucleus RA, another PN (HVCX) that innervates a striatopallidal region (Area X), and interneurons (HVCI) (see ...
Constraints on Somatotopic Organization in the Primary Motor Cortex
... Outputs from large territories of M1 converge on the spinal motoneuron pool of any given muscle. The cortical territory for each muscle is so large as to preclude spatially separate territories for each muscle. Instead, the M1 territories from which outputs converge on two upper extremity muscles ov ...
... Outputs from large territories of M1 converge on the spinal motoneuron pool of any given muscle. The cortical territory for each muscle is so large as to preclude spatially separate territories for each muscle. Instead, the M1 territories from which outputs converge on two upper extremity muscles ov ...
autonomic nervous system
... cells (from the Greek word for “glue”), another special type of cell found in the nervous system. • Glial cells have several functions: removing waste, occupying vacant space when neurons die, guiding the migration of neurons during brain development, and insulation. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Educati ...
... cells (from the Greek word for “glue”), another special type of cell found in the nervous system. • Glial cells have several functions: removing waste, occupying vacant space when neurons die, guiding the migration of neurons during brain development, and insulation. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Educati ...
Synchronous Oscillatory Neural Ensembles for Rules in the
... The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is key to rule-based behaviors (Miller and Cohen, 2001). Rule-based tasks, especially those involving rule-switching, activate the human PFC (Dove et al., 2000; MacDonald, 2000; Sakai and Passingham, 2003) and are impaired following PFC damage (Milner, 1963; Stuss and Ben ...
... The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is key to rule-based behaviors (Miller and Cohen, 2001). Rule-based tasks, especially those involving rule-switching, activate the human PFC (Dove et al., 2000; MacDonald, 2000; Sakai and Passingham, 2003) and are impaired following PFC damage (Milner, 1963; Stuss and Ben ...
Channelrhodopsin
Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.