The influence of James and Darwin on Cajal and his
... At that time, several authors supported the reticular theory proposing different types of networks, including Albrecht Von Kölliker (1817–1905), a major scholar in anatomy and embryology, (Kölliker, 1868). However, it was Joseph von Gerlach (1820–1896), an enthusiast of Kölliker’s ideas on the fusio ...
... At that time, several authors supported the reticular theory proposing different types of networks, including Albrecht Von Kölliker (1817–1905), a major scholar in anatomy and embryology, (Kölliker, 1868). However, it was Joseph von Gerlach (1820–1896), an enthusiast of Kölliker’s ideas on the fusio ...
Comparison of Primate Prefrontal and Inferior Temporal
... Knowledge and Distributed Intelligence grant, the RIKEN-MIT Neuroscience Research Center, and a McDonnell Pew award in cognitive neuroscience (M.R.). Additional support was provided by the Eugene McDermott Foundation and the Whitaker Foundation (T.P.). We thank C. Shelton for the morphing software a ...
... Knowledge and Distributed Intelligence grant, the RIKEN-MIT Neuroscience Research Center, and a McDonnell Pew award in cognitive neuroscience (M.R.). Additional support was provided by the Eugene McDermott Foundation and the Whitaker Foundation (T.P.). We thank C. Shelton for the morphing software a ...
9 Propagated Signaling: The Action Potential
... depolarization. At all levels of depolarization the Na+ channels open more rapidly than do the K+ channels (Figure 9-6). When the depolarization is maintained for some time, the Na+ channels begin to close, leading to a decrease of inward current. The process by which Na+ channels close during a mai ...
... depolarization. At all levels of depolarization the Na+ channels open more rapidly than do the K+ channels (Figure 9-6). When the depolarization is maintained for some time, the Na+ channels begin to close, leading to a decrease of inward current. The process by which Na+ channels close during a mai ...
Activity of Neurons in Anterior Inferior Temporal Cortex during a
... during times when they are concurrently responding to new visual stimuli. One study of neurons in lateral IT cortex of monkeys performing a serial recognition task found that responses were affected by stimulus recency, but this effect was lost if one or two other stimuli appeared in the retention i ...
... during times when they are concurrently responding to new visual stimuli. One study of neurons in lateral IT cortex of monkeys performing a serial recognition task found that responses were affected by stimulus recency, but this effect was lost if one or two other stimuli appeared in the retention i ...
Role of Active Movement in Place-Specific Firing of Hippocampal
... Single units were recorded from the dorsal hippocampus as previously described (Jung et al., 1994). Two tetrodes were implanted (one in each hemisphere) above the hippocampus (3.8 mm posterior, 2.0 mm lateral from bregma, 1.0 mm ventral from the brain surface) of the well-trained animals under deep ...
... Single units were recorded from the dorsal hippocampus as previously described (Jung et al., 1994). Two tetrodes were implanted (one in each hemisphere) above the hippocampus (3.8 mm posterior, 2.0 mm lateral from bregma, 1.0 mm ventral from the brain surface) of the well-trained animals under deep ...
cysview - Photocure
... and approximately 75% male. All patients were evaluated after a single instillation of 50 mL solution ...
... and approximately 75% male. All patients were evaluated after a single instillation of 50 mL solution ...
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... intensity). In a series of experiments exploring the potential for temporal plasticity, repetition-rate transfer functions were also determined at each site by recording cortical responses to tones trains presented at various rates. In the experiments on cortical coding of complex ...
... intensity). In a series of experiments exploring the potential for temporal plasticity, repetition-rate transfer functions were also determined at each site by recording cortical responses to tones trains presented at various rates. In the experiments on cortical coding of complex ...
Patterns of sensory intermodality relationships in the cerebral cortex
... (Sl) and area S2 are recognized by their typical myelin dense appearance (Fig. 1A). The border between these two areas was determined according to Nissl stain cytoarchitecture (Welker, '71, '76; Welker and Sinha, '721, and by the lateral callosal band of labeling through which the border passed (Fig ...
... (Sl) and area S2 are recognized by their typical myelin dense appearance (Fig. 1A). The border between these two areas was determined according to Nissl stain cytoarchitecture (Welker, '71, '76; Welker and Sinha, '721, and by the lateral callosal band of labeling through which the border passed (Fig ...
Experimental spinal cord transplantation as a mechanism of
... suitable substrate for the implantation of fetal central nervous system, and that grafts survive for long periods of time.3 Grafts into the spinal cord of the rat, 4 cat, 5 and monkey6 have been made in the form of solid pieces or cell suspensions of fetal brain or spinal cord. These grafts include ...
... suitable substrate for the implantation of fetal central nervous system, and that grafts survive for long periods of time.3 Grafts into the spinal cord of the rat, 4 cat, 5 and monkey6 have been made in the form of solid pieces or cell suspensions of fetal brain or spinal cord. These grafts include ...
Olfaction and the Chemical Senses
... signals from the outside. We will see later, though (§1.14), that the strategy used by the olfactory system in the selection of receptors is very different from most other processes of chemical detection in the brain. Possibly by virtue of forming part of the earliest sensory system, cells of the ol ...
... signals from the outside. We will see later, though (§1.14), that the strategy used by the olfactory system in the selection of receptors is very different from most other processes of chemical detection in the brain. Possibly by virtue of forming part of the earliest sensory system, cells of the ol ...
Chapter 2: Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses
... 5. Prior to the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, what did many investigators believe? a. Nerves conducted impulses at the speed of light. b. Transmission across a synapse was just as fast as transmission along an axon. c. The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron. d. All neurons were ...
... 5. Prior to the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, what did many investigators believe? a. Nerves conducted impulses at the speed of light. b. Transmission across a synapse was just as fast as transmission along an axon. c. The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron. d. All neurons were ...
Three-Dimensional Gradients of Cytokine Signaling between T Cells
... Therefore, it is likely that the synapse has an important function for cytokine signaling, beyond its role for T cell receptor signaling on which theoretical studies have focused [24,25]. Cytokine signaling through immunological synapses might also explain the pleiotropic effects observed for most c ...
... Therefore, it is likely that the synapse has an important function for cytokine signaling, beyond its role for T cell receptor signaling on which theoretical studies have focused [24,25]. Cytokine signaling through immunological synapses might also explain the pleiotropic effects observed for most c ...
I dc
... X: voltage-like variable Y: voltage recovery variable Z: slow adaptation variable (controlling the transition between the bursting and silent phases) (a=1, b=3, c=1, d=5, s=1, r=0.001, and X0=-1.6) ...
... X: voltage-like variable Y: voltage recovery variable Z: slow adaptation variable (controlling the transition between the bursting and silent phases) (a=1, b=3, c=1, d=5, s=1, r=0.001, and X0=-1.6) ...
View/Open
... Effect of Removing the Primary Visual Cortex Removal of the primary visual cortex in the human being causes loss of conscious vision, that is, blindness. However, psychological studies demonstrate that such “blind” people can still, at times, react subconsciously to changes in light intensity, to mo ...
... Effect of Removing the Primary Visual Cortex Removal of the primary visual cortex in the human being causes loss of conscious vision, that is, blindness. However, psychological studies demonstrate that such “blind” people can still, at times, react subconsciously to changes in light intensity, to mo ...
Peptides that regulate food intake: orexin gene expression is increased during states of hypertriglyceridemia
... reveal a change in orexin expression in feeding paradigms associated with elevated leptin (11, 53), suggesting that this hormone may not be a key physiological regulator of the orexins. Other evidence implicates glucose and insulin in the control of the orexins. Because the LH contains neurons that ...
... reveal a change in orexin expression in feeding paradigms associated with elevated leptin (11, 53), suggesting that this hormone may not be a key physiological regulator of the orexins. Other evidence implicates glucose and insulin in the control of the orexins. Because the LH contains neurons that ...
Kandel ch. 43 + Two review papers
... highly organized connections with virtually the entire cerebral cortex, as well as the hippocampus and amygdala. Finally, a wide range of motor and nonmotor behaviors have been correlated with activity in individual basal ganglia neurons in experimental animals and with metabolic activity in the bas ...
... highly organized connections with virtually the entire cerebral cortex, as well as the hippocampus and amygdala. Finally, a wide range of motor and nonmotor behaviors have been correlated with activity in individual basal ganglia neurons in experimental animals and with metabolic activity in the bas ...
Visual Stimulation Regulates the Expression of Transcription Factors
... systems, structural proteins, and intracellular second messengers are modulated by synaptic stimulation (Hendry and Kennedy, 1986; Castren et al., 1992; Benson et al., 1994). It is believed that these are either affected by or ultimately converge on the third-messenger systems (Kaczmarek and Kaminsk ...
... systems, structural proteins, and intracellular second messengers are modulated by synaptic stimulation (Hendry and Kennedy, 1986; Castren et al., 1992; Benson et al., 1994). It is believed that these are either affected by or ultimately converge on the third-messenger systems (Kaczmarek and Kaminsk ...
Neuronal control of leech behavior - Emory Biology
... every soma is visible in segmental ganglia. These properties also make optical recording feasible. 5. Long, easily accessible peripheral nerves allow for stimulation of selected neurons and monitoring of neuronal activity with extracellular electrodes. 6. Most relevant electrical parameters can be m ...
... every soma is visible in segmental ganglia. These properties also make optical recording feasible. 5. Long, easily accessible peripheral nerves allow for stimulation of selected neurons and monitoring of neuronal activity with extracellular electrodes. 6. Most relevant electrical parameters can be m ...
The Optic Tectum in Fishes
... The retinotectal map can also be investigated by electrophysiological recordings from tectum. A microelectrode inserted into the superficial layers of tectum (principally SFGS) picks up spiking activity that is briskly evoked by visual stimulation in a particular region of the visual field of the o ...
... The retinotectal map can also be investigated by electrophysiological recordings from tectum. A microelectrode inserted into the superficial layers of tectum (principally SFGS) picks up spiking activity that is briskly evoked by visual stimulation in a particular region of the visual field of the o ...
State dependent activity in monkey visual cortex
... collected from one V4 neuron while the animal performed about 150 trials of the tactile-visual match. Although most trials consisted of several stimuli presented one after another, in Fig. 2 and subsequent figures the trials have been broken apart so that each stimulus presentation and the following ...
... collected from one V4 neuron while the animal performed about 150 trials of the tactile-visual match. Although most trials consisted of several stimuli presented one after another, in Fig. 2 and subsequent figures the trials have been broken apart so that each stimulus presentation and the following ...
3-Morpholinylsydnonimine Inhibits Glutamatergic Transmission in
... produced a significant increase in the amplitude of EPSCs by 25.6 ⫾ 3.9% (n ⫽ 4, p ⬍ 0.05, paired Student’s t test), as reported previously (Huang et al., 2003). It is intriguing that the effect of SIN-1 at a higher dose on EPSC amplitude was drastically different. Applied at 1 mM, SIN-1 consistentl ...
... produced a significant increase in the amplitude of EPSCs by 25.6 ⫾ 3.9% (n ⫽ 4, p ⬍ 0.05, paired Student’s t test), as reported previously (Huang et al., 2003). It is intriguing that the effect of SIN-1 at a higher dose on EPSC amplitude was drastically different. Applied at 1 mM, SIN-1 consistentl ...
The basal ganglia and cortex implement optimal decision making
... training the animals undergo before these experiments). These cortical connections are assumed to encode the stimulus-response mapping. However, even in simple, highly constrained laboratory tasks, there will be more than one possible response and so there is a problem of action selection in which t ...
... training the animals undergo before these experiments). These cortical connections are assumed to encode the stimulus-response mapping. However, even in simple, highly constrained laboratory tasks, there will be more than one possible response and so there is a problem of action selection in which t ...
Channelrhodopsin
Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.