Control of Appetite and Food Preference by NMDA Receptor and Its
... melanocortin system is capable of regulating mesocorticolimbic activity and food seeking behavior [29]. In summary, internal metabolic and physiological signals can affect both aspects of appetite, and the homeostatic system do communicate with the reward system to control the feeding behavior. Obes ...
... melanocortin system is capable of regulating mesocorticolimbic activity and food seeking behavior [29]. In summary, internal metabolic and physiological signals can affect both aspects of appetite, and the homeostatic system do communicate with the reward system to control the feeding behavior. Obes ...
On the role of primary motor cortex in arm movement
... and Sinkjaer, 1998) that rubrospinal projections can be modeled similarly. Sensory feedback through spinal pathways is assumed to modulate the muscle activity generated by descending signals (see Section 7). While such feedback modulation is very important for achieving stability, its effect is wash ...
... and Sinkjaer, 1998) that rubrospinal projections can be modeled similarly. Sensory feedback through spinal pathways is assumed to modulate the muscle activity generated by descending signals (see Section 7). While such feedback modulation is very important for achieving stability, its effect is wash ...
Spontaneous activity and functional connectivity in the developing
... of functional connectivity in its input and output pathways. Characterization of spontaneous activity within these pathways provides insight into their functional status in early development. In the present study we recorded extracellular activity from the interpositus nucleus (IP) and its primary d ...
... of functional connectivity in its input and output pathways. Characterization of spontaneous activity within these pathways provides insight into their functional status in early development. In the present study we recorded extracellular activity from the interpositus nucleus (IP) and its primary d ...
Behavioural Brain Research Learning processing in the basal ganglia
... after the second half of the last century. Studies involving patients who became amnesic after lesion to the medial temporal lobe (such as patient H.M.) have shown that these patients conserved some learning and memory abilities later named nondeclarative or procedural memories [190,196]. These clin ...
... after the second half of the last century. Studies involving patients who became amnesic after lesion to the medial temporal lobe (such as patient H.M.) have shown that these patients conserved some learning and memory abilities later named nondeclarative or procedural memories [190,196]. These clin ...
(2012) Prediction of economic choice by primate amygdala neurons
... and failed to code value, action, visual stimulus position, and reaction time (Fig. 3E). As a useful control, less than 5% (our statistical threshold) of neurons exhibited such characteristics only in the imperative task and not in the free choice task, suggesting that this response pattern was not ...
... and failed to code value, action, visual stimulus position, and reaction time (Fig. 3E). As a useful control, less than 5% (our statistical threshold) of neurons exhibited such characteristics only in the imperative task and not in the free choice task, suggesting that this response pattern was not ...
Cholinergic modulation of cognitive processing: insights drawn from computational models Kishan Gupta
... scope of this review (for a related review, see Fadel, 2011), it is worth highlighting that the anatomical regions from which these projections originate are frequently attributed with functions relevant to the regulation of the quality of information processing in the brain. Cholinergic receptor su ...
... scope of this review (for a related review, see Fadel, 2011), it is worth highlighting that the anatomical regions from which these projections originate are frequently attributed with functions relevant to the regulation of the quality of information processing in the brain. Cholinergic receptor su ...
- Wiley Online Library
... Conforti et al. 2007a). In these conditions, axonal degeneration often occurs in a dying-back fashion and is frequently characterized by intracellular protein accumulation. Aggregates of tau, neurofilaments, and a-synuclein are found in the neuronal tissues of Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, and Parkinson ...
... Conforti et al. 2007a). In these conditions, axonal degeneration often occurs in a dying-back fashion and is frequently characterized by intracellular protein accumulation. Aggregates of tau, neurofilaments, and a-synuclein are found in the neuronal tissues of Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, and Parkinson ...
Chapter 2: Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses
... 5. Prior to the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, what did many investigators believe? a. Nerves conducted impulses at the speed of light. b. Transmission across a synapse was just as fast as transmission along an axon. c. The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron. d. All neurons were ...
... 5. Prior to the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, what did many investigators believe? a. Nerves conducted impulses at the speed of light. b. Transmission across a synapse was just as fast as transmission along an axon. c. The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron. d. All neurons were ...
Handwriting Characterization of Neurodegenerative diseases
... fact that handwriting of a patient can depict the intensity of this disease and can be taken as a symptom or detection tool, yet no standard theory or tool exists. This paper tries to find that definite relation between handwriting and the associated diseases. ...
... fact that handwriting of a patient can depict the intensity of this disease and can be taken as a symptom or detection tool, yet no standard theory or tool exists. This paper tries to find that definite relation between handwriting and the associated diseases. ...
Full Article
... and they were manifested by well-defined varicosities apparently lying directly on the apposed neuron. To be considered apposed by an axon, a neuron needed to exhibit only one, well-characterized, axonal varicosity on its soma or one of its dendrites. We inferred the existence of synapses by close a ...
... and they were manifested by well-defined varicosities apparently lying directly on the apposed neuron. To be considered apposed by an axon, a neuron needed to exhibit only one, well-characterized, axonal varicosity on its soma or one of its dendrites. We inferred the existence of synapses by close a ...
Action Potentials in Earthworms
... Background In the resting cell, the permeability of the membrane to potassium (PK) is greater than its permeability to sodium (PNa). Stimulation, like synaptic activity coming from other nerve cells, can depolarize (make less negative) the cell membrane. Sodium channels in the cell membrane are sens ...
... Background In the resting cell, the permeability of the membrane to potassium (PK) is greater than its permeability to sodium (PNa). Stimulation, like synaptic activity coming from other nerve cells, can depolarize (make less negative) the cell membrane. Sodium channels in the cell membrane are sens ...
The Suppressive Field of Neurons in Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
... LGN responses to a variety of stimuli; with a single set of parameters, it captures saturation, size tuning, and masking. It also correctly predicts that responses to small stimuli grow proportionally with contrast: were it not for the suppressive field, LGN responses would be linear. We characteriz ...
... LGN responses to a variety of stimuli; with a single set of parameters, it captures saturation, size tuning, and masking. It also correctly predicts that responses to small stimuli grow proportionally with contrast: were it not for the suppressive field, LGN responses would be linear. We characteriz ...
Purves chs. 15, 19 - Weizmann Institute of Science
... essential for organized movement. Even after the spinal cord is disconnected from the brain in an experimental animal such as a cat, appropriate stimulation of local spinal circuits elicits involuntary but highly coordinated limb movements that resemble walking. The second motor subsystem consists o ...
... essential for organized movement. Even after the spinal cord is disconnected from the brain in an experimental animal such as a cat, appropriate stimulation of local spinal circuits elicits involuntary but highly coordinated limb movements that resemble walking. The second motor subsystem consists o ...
Oriented Axon Projections in Primary Visual Cortex of the Monkey
... animal with either 100% oxygen or room air during recording. We dilated the animal’s pupils with atropine sulfate and adjusted the contact lenses to bring the eyes into focus on a screen either 1 or 2 m away, depending on the species. Optical imag ing. We used differential optical imaging to generat ...
... animal with either 100% oxygen or room air during recording. We dilated the animal’s pupils with atropine sulfate and adjusted the contact lenses to bring the eyes into focus on a screen either 1 or 2 m away, depending on the species. Optical imag ing. We used differential optical imaging to generat ...
Nap, a Novel Member of the Pentraxin Family, Promotes Neurite
... activity is also observed using partially purified Narp and can be specifically immunodepleted, demonstrating that Narp is the active principle. Narp is fully active at a concentration of -40 rig/ml, indicating a potency similar to known peptide growth factors. Because Narp is rapidly regulated by n ...
... activity is also observed using partially purified Narp and can be specifically immunodepleted, demonstrating that Narp is the active principle. Narp is fully active at a concentration of -40 rig/ml, indicating a potency similar to known peptide growth factors. Because Narp is rapidly regulated by n ...
Reaching beyond the classical receptive field of V1 neurons
... ceases to increase [20,54,84]. The high contrast summation RF (hsRF) corresponds to the region of visual field over which the cell summates stimuli. This method provides estimates of RF center size larger than the mRF or the RF center sizes obtained using automatic plotting by reverse correlation (Fi ...
... ceases to increase [20,54,84]. The high contrast summation RF (hsRF) corresponds to the region of visual field over which the cell summates stimuli. This method provides estimates of RF center size larger than the mRF or the RF center sizes obtained using automatic plotting by reverse correlation (Fi ...
Circadian and histaminergic regulation of the sleep
... of high θ-, and γ-waves and strengthened the phase-amplitude coupling between these frequencies. The 24-hour rhythms of production and release of histamine and its metabolite, 1-methylhistamine were detected, whereas activities of the enzymes had no detectable diurnal rhythm. In addition, histamine ...
... of high θ-, and γ-waves and strengthened the phase-amplitude coupling between these frequencies. The 24-hour rhythms of production and release of histamine and its metabolite, 1-methylhistamine were detected, whereas activities of the enzymes had no detectable diurnal rhythm. In addition, histamine ...
Neuronal Activity in Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata during Target
... Wurtz, 1983c) or visually guided. In the former task, a centrally located fixation point appeared, and the monkeys were required to maintain fixation of this spot within an electronic window of 2°. A peripherally located spot was presented for 200 msec while the monkeys maintained fixation. After a ...
... Wurtz, 1983c) or visually guided. In the former task, a centrally located fixation point appeared, and the monkeys were required to maintain fixation of this spot within an electronic window of 2°. A peripherally located spot was presented for 200 msec while the monkeys maintained fixation. After a ...
Topographic Organization of Sensory Projection to the Olfactory Bulb
... We have used receptor genes as molecular probes to map the position of individual sensory neurons in the epithelium as well as their projections to the olfactory bulb. In situ hybridization with specific receptor probes in fish demonstrates that neurons expressing individual receptors are randomly d ...
... We have used receptor genes as molecular probes to map the position of individual sensory neurons in the epithelium as well as their projections to the olfactory bulb. In situ hybridization with specific receptor probes in fish demonstrates that neurons expressing individual receptors are randomly d ...
The Control of Voluntary Eye Movements: New Perspectives
... Traditionally, these two eye movements have been viewed as distinct systems that are driven automatically by low-level visual inputs. However, two sets of findings argue for a new perspective on the control of voluntary eye movements. First, recent experiments have shown that pursuit and saccades ar ...
... Traditionally, these two eye movements have been viewed as distinct systems that are driven automatically by low-level visual inputs. However, two sets of findings argue for a new perspective on the control of voluntary eye movements. First, recent experiments have shown that pursuit and saccades ar ...
The Emerging Roles of Oxytocin in Rhythmic Prolactin Release
... Prediction: The PRL rhythm will return when the OT antagonist leaves the system. That is, OT at the lactotroph is required for the expression of the rhythm, but not for triggering the rhythm. Time (days) As predicted, the prolactin rhythm comes back once the antagonist clears the system (day 2 – no ...
... Prediction: The PRL rhythm will return when the OT antagonist leaves the system. That is, OT at the lactotroph is required for the expression of the rhythm, but not for triggering the rhythm. Time (days) As predicted, the prolactin rhythm comes back once the antagonist clears the system (day 2 – no ...
Channelrhodopsin
Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.