The basal ganglia and cortex implement optimal decision making
... training the animals undergo before these experiments). These cortical connections are assumed to encode the stimulus-response mapping. However, even in simple, highly constrained laboratory tasks, there will be more than one possible response and so there is a problem of action selection in which t ...
... training the animals undergo before these experiments). These cortical connections are assumed to encode the stimulus-response mapping. However, even in simple, highly constrained laboratory tasks, there will be more than one possible response and so there is a problem of action selection in which t ...
a review with emphasis on the projections of specific thalamic nuclei
... in adults with similar Iesionslz,102~lJ7,although sometimes the reverse is true’“l. Rose and WooIseyl”g noted the effects of retrograde cell degeneration in the thalamus grew more severe with increasing postoperative survival time. This was recently confirmed by Chow and Dewson17 who also reported r ...
... in adults with similar Iesionslz,102~lJ7,although sometimes the reverse is true’“l. Rose and WooIseyl”g noted the effects of retrograde cell degeneration in the thalamus grew more severe with increasing postoperative survival time. This was recently confirmed by Chow and Dewson17 who also reported r ...
Astrocyte-Neuron Interactions during Learning May Occur by Lactate
... trace of noradrenaline (NE) receptors until multicellular organisms and cell-to-cell communication (Venter et al., 1988). Similarly, not all molecules with a specific role in cell metabolism eventually entered signaling pathways. Lactate was thought to be one of such molecules, and for many years it ...
... trace of noradrenaline (NE) receptors until multicellular organisms and cell-to-cell communication (Venter et al., 1988). Similarly, not all molecules with a specific role in cell metabolism eventually entered signaling pathways. Lactate was thought to be one of such molecules, and for many years it ...
Hikosaka O - lsr
... a stimulus indicating that the monkey would receive a small reward and were inhibited by a stimulus indicating that a large reward would be received. LHb neurons also responded when the monkey received the actual reward (they were excited by a small reward and inhibited by a large reward), but only ...
... a stimulus indicating that the monkey would receive a small reward and were inhibited by a stimulus indicating that a large reward would be received. LHb neurons also responded when the monkey received the actual reward (they were excited by a small reward and inhibited by a large reward), but only ...
Topical Review
... growth-inhibitory proteins that block axonal sprouting.23 The unequivocal demonstration of poststroke axonal sprouting has required direct axonal quantification. This is because the proteins associated with the growth cone, such as GAP43, which have been traditionally used to “map” sprouting axons a ...
... growth-inhibitory proteins that block axonal sprouting.23 The unequivocal demonstration of poststroke axonal sprouting has required direct axonal quantification. This is because the proteins associated with the growth cone, such as GAP43, which have been traditionally used to “map” sprouting axons a ...
Circadian clocks in crustaceans: identified neuronal and cellular systems
... controlled by internal pacemakers, or clocks, which autonomously control cellular activity levels and thereby regulate physiological and behavioural events in an oscillatory pattern. As in many other animal taxa (52), such oscillators are mainly located in the nervous system of crustaceans (20, 21). ...
... controlled by internal pacemakers, or clocks, which autonomously control cellular activity levels and thereby regulate physiological and behavioural events in an oscillatory pattern. As in many other animal taxa (52), such oscillators are mainly located in the nervous system of crustaceans (20, 21). ...
HCN channels are a novel therapeutic target for cognitive
... We generated a novel Nf1 mouse model (the homozygous Nf19a–/9a– mutant), in which the neuron-specific NF1 exon 9acontaining isoform is deleted. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR confirmed the total absence of Nf1 exon 9a-containing mRNA in Nf19a–/9a– mice (Figure 1a and Supplementary Figure 1). C ...
... We generated a novel Nf1 mouse model (the homozygous Nf19a–/9a– mutant), in which the neuron-specific NF1 exon 9acontaining isoform is deleted. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR confirmed the total absence of Nf1 exon 9a-containing mRNA in Nf19a–/9a– mice (Figure 1a and Supplementary Figure 1). C ...
An Imperfect Dopaminergic Error Signal Can Drive Temporal
... combines top-down and bottom-up modelling approaches to bridge the gap between synaptic plasticity and system-level learning. It paves the way for further investigations of the dopaminergic system in reward learning in the healthy brain and in pathological conditions such as Parkinson’s disease, and ...
... combines top-down and bottom-up modelling approaches to bridge the gap between synaptic plasticity and system-level learning. It paves the way for further investigations of the dopaminergic system in reward learning in the healthy brain and in pathological conditions such as Parkinson’s disease, and ...
The time of course of BDNF levels in brain and plasma after cerebral
... where it is stored and released from neurons in a use-dependent fashion and has been implicated in long term potentiation, learning and memory formation (Greenberg et al., 2009; Nagappan and Lu, 2005). BDNF also represents a crucial signalling molecule in adaptative brain plasticity after stroke (Co ...
... where it is stored and released from neurons in a use-dependent fashion and has been implicated in long term potentiation, learning and memory formation (Greenberg et al., 2009; Nagappan and Lu, 2005). BDNF also represents a crucial signalling molecule in adaptative brain plasticity after stroke (Co ...
Dense Core Vesicle Release: Controlling the Where as
... (2014) observed an increased level of DCV release compared to that in wild-type animals. The conclusion was that the reason the DCVs were missing from the motor neurons in the CaMKII mutant was because they had fused with the plasma membrane and released their cargoes at a much higher rate than in w ...
... (2014) observed an increased level of DCV release compared to that in wild-type animals. The conclusion was that the reason the DCVs were missing from the motor neurons in the CaMKII mutant was because they had fused with the plasma membrane and released their cargoes at a much higher rate than in w ...
Chapter 4 Notes Power Point
... •Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any kind of human cell. •In recent years, scientists have successfully reprogrammed cells from adult organs (skin cells), to become stem cells. These are called “induced pluripotent stem (IPS)” cells. •Patient-advocacy groups hope that transplanted stem c ...
... •Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any kind of human cell. •In recent years, scientists have successfully reprogrammed cells from adult organs (skin cells), to become stem cells. These are called “induced pluripotent stem (IPS)” cells. •Patient-advocacy groups hope that transplanted stem c ...
Early Functional Impairment of Sensory-Motor Connectivity in a Mouse Model of Spinal Muscular Atrophy
... synapse can account for the motor behavioral deficits of SMA mice (Murray et al., 2008; Kariya et al., 2008; Kong et al., 2009; Ruiz et al., 2010). Surprisingly, motor neurons in SMA are structurally well connected to their target muscles but functionally NMJs in SMN-D7 mice exhibit a 50% reduction ...
... synapse can account for the motor behavioral deficits of SMA mice (Murray et al., 2008; Kariya et al., 2008; Kong et al., 2009; Ruiz et al., 2010). Surprisingly, motor neurons in SMA are structurally well connected to their target muscles but functionally NMJs in SMN-D7 mice exhibit a 50% reduction ...
The Role of Mirror Neurons in Movement
... 1.3.2 In which brain areas have mirror neurons been found? ...................................... 37 1.3.3 STS and the action observation circuit.................................................................. 41 1.3.4 The different types of mirror neurons ......................................... ...
... 1.3.2 In which brain areas have mirror neurons been found? ...................................... 37 1.3.3 STS and the action observation circuit.................................................................. 41 1.3.4 The different types of mirror neurons ......................................... ...
Sympathetic Division (cont)
... increase its output of neurotransmitter to produce a greater effect on the postsynaptic neuron(s). Circuits that are repeatedly active release a low level of neurotransmitter that results in facilitation of postsynaptic neurons(s). Highly active neurons establish increased numbers of synapses with t ...
... increase its output of neurotransmitter to produce a greater effect on the postsynaptic neuron(s). Circuits that are repeatedly active release a low level of neurotransmitter that results in facilitation of postsynaptic neurons(s). Highly active neurons establish increased numbers of synapses with t ...
Sleep/Neurology-The Orexin System
... The global AD group had orexin levels that were positively correlated with total tau proteins and strictly related to sleep impairment Cognitive impairment (as measured by MMSE) was correlated with sleep structure deterioration (reduction in SWS and increased amounts of WASO) ...
... The global AD group had orexin levels that were positively correlated with total tau proteins and strictly related to sleep impairment Cognitive impairment (as measured by MMSE) was correlated with sleep structure deterioration (reduction in SWS and increased amounts of WASO) ...
2015 Cosyne Program
... to foster invention both within Qualcomm and in the community. Our researchers and computational scientists engage in a wide variety of exciting and technically challenging projects—including exploring applications of systems neuroscience research to machine learning, to enable "smarter" and more eff ...
... to foster invention both within Qualcomm and in the community. Our researchers and computational scientists engage in a wide variety of exciting and technically challenging projects—including exploring applications of systems neuroscience research to machine learning, to enable "smarter" and more eff ...
Channelrhodopsin
Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.