Astrocytes - American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
... transient increases in [KⳭ]o that accompany neuronal activity. In contrast, natural stimulation, such as viewing visual targets of different shapes or orientations, can cause depolarizations of up to 10 mV in astrocytes of the visual cortex (17). The accumulation of extracellular KⳭ that is secondar ...
... transient increases in [KⳭ]o that accompany neuronal activity. In contrast, natural stimulation, such as viewing visual targets of different shapes or orientations, can cause depolarizations of up to 10 mV in astrocytes of the visual cortex (17). The accumulation of extracellular KⳭ that is secondar ...
Central Nervous System
... • Carries out actions involuntarily: without our conscious intent or awareness • Visceral effectors do not depend on the ANS to function; only to adjust their activity to the body’s changing needs • Denervation hypersensitivity - exaggerated response of cardiac and smooth muscle if autonomic nerves ...
... • Carries out actions involuntarily: without our conscious intent or awareness • Visceral effectors do not depend on the ANS to function; only to adjust their activity to the body’s changing needs • Denervation hypersensitivity - exaggerated response of cardiac and smooth muscle if autonomic nerves ...
Weber et al. - 2000
... period during which these changes occur, comparable damage can be achieved by even moderate (28 –37 mm Hg) levels of elevated IOP. On the basis of cell loss, elevation of IOP appears to have a more profound degenerative effect on the magnocellular than on the parvocellular regions of the LGN. (Inves ...
... period during which these changes occur, comparable damage can be achieved by even moderate (28 –37 mm Hg) levels of elevated IOP. On the basis of cell loss, elevation of IOP appears to have a more profound degenerative effect on the magnocellular than on the parvocellular regions of the LGN. (Inves ...
48-nervous text - Everglades High School
... salt solution. One end of the tube tapers to an extremely fine tip (diameter < 1 µm). While looking through a microscope, the experimenter uses a micropositioner to insert the tip of the microelectrode into a cell. A voltage recorder (usually an oscilloscope or a computer-based system) measures the ...
... salt solution. One end of the tube tapers to an extremely fine tip (diameter < 1 µm). While looking through a microscope, the experimenter uses a micropositioner to insert the tip of the microelectrode into a cell. A voltage recorder (usually an oscilloscope or a computer-based system) measures the ...
Outputs of Radula Mechanoafferent Neurons in Aplysia are
... of some of the modulator cells. Inhibitory chemical synapses mediated the modulation produced by B4/5, whereas excitatory and/or electrical synapses were involved in the other instances. The data indicate that modulation is due to block of action potential invasion into synaptic release regions or t ...
... of some of the modulator cells. Inhibitory chemical synapses mediated the modulation produced by B4/5, whereas excitatory and/or electrical synapses were involved in the other instances. The data indicate that modulation is due to block of action potential invasion into synaptic release regions or t ...
Stem cell factor induces outgrowth of c-kit-positive
... stained with ACK2 mAb (Fig. 2B). In contrast, when DRGs were cultured in the absence of rmSCF, most outgrowing neurites remained within the area of fibroblast-like cells (Fig. 2C). None of outgrowing neurites were stained with ACK2 mAb (Fig. 2D). The magnitude of neurite outgrowth was dependent on t ...
... stained with ACK2 mAb (Fig. 2B). In contrast, when DRGs were cultured in the absence of rmSCF, most outgrowing neurites remained within the area of fibroblast-like cells (Fig. 2C). None of outgrowing neurites were stained with ACK2 mAb (Fig. 2D). The magnitude of neurite outgrowth was dependent on t ...
The Neuroscientist
... representations of these perceptual characteristics from the information that the ear provides about sound acoustics. In this article, the authors examine evidence that the auditory cortex is necessary for processing the pitch, timbre, and location of sounds, and document how neurons across multiple ...
... representations of these perceptual characteristics from the information that the ear provides about sound acoustics. In this article, the authors examine evidence that the auditory cortex is necessary for processing the pitch, timbre, and location of sounds, and document how neurons across multiple ...
AMPA Receptor Calcium Permeability, GluR2
... resistance of at least 120 MV and access resistance of ,10 MV. Responses were recorded using an Axopatch 1D amplifier (Axon Instruments, Foster C ity, CA). All recordings were performed at room temperature. All surfaces of the patch-clamp setup were wiped with 70% ethanol, and gloves were worn durin ...
... resistance of at least 120 MV and access resistance of ,10 MV. Responses were recorded using an Axopatch 1D amplifier (Axon Instruments, Foster C ity, CA). All recordings were performed at room temperature. All surfaces of the patch-clamp setup were wiped with 70% ethanol, and gloves were worn durin ...
Singing in the Brain: Investigating the Role of Adult
... Neurogenesis refers to the process of adding new neurons in the brain. It is typically a perinatal phenomenon. However, it can occur in very specific regions of the adult vertebrate brain, usually related to memory. The role of neurogenesis in memory is not yet clear. Some evidence suggests that neu ...
... Neurogenesis refers to the process of adding new neurons in the brain. It is typically a perinatal phenomenon. However, it can occur in very specific regions of the adult vertebrate brain, usually related to memory. The role of neurogenesis in memory is not yet clear. Some evidence suggests that neu ...
The Dynamics of Functional Brain Networks
... Please cite this article in press as: Shine et al., The Dynamics of Functional Brain Networks: Integrated Network States during Cognitive Task Performance, Neuron (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2016.09.018 ...
... Please cite this article in press as: Shine et al., The Dynamics of Functional Brain Networks: Integrated Network States during Cognitive Task Performance, Neuron (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2016.09.018 ...
Prefrontal Projections to the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus
... The activity of TRN changes dramatically during the sleep– wake cycle, shifting from spindle oscillations during slow-wave sleep that inhibit thalamocortical activity, to single-spike activity during wakefulness. These properties implicate TRN in attention, highlighted by TRN inhibition of thalamoco ...
... The activity of TRN changes dramatically during the sleep– wake cycle, shifting from spindle oscillations during slow-wave sleep that inhibit thalamocortical activity, to single-spike activity during wakefulness. These properties implicate TRN in attention, highlighted by TRN inhibition of thalamoco ...
pain_etiology32
... Possible role of abnormal nociceptors overgrown within the intradiscal space, postsurgical epidural scars, degenerated facet joints CNS sensitization and reorganization ...
... Possible role of abnormal nociceptors overgrown within the intradiscal space, postsurgical epidural scars, degenerated facet joints CNS sensitization and reorganization ...
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Gets Split: Why Does Cortisol
... neurons (10) because these neurons have been implicated in controlling glucocorticoid rhythms in rats. Release of vasopressin by SCN neurons in the PVN is an important element of the hypothalamic circuit controlling corticosteroid secretion (21, 22). However, it remains unclear whether vasopressin o ...
... neurons (10) because these neurons have been implicated in controlling glucocorticoid rhythms in rats. Release of vasopressin by SCN neurons in the PVN is an important element of the hypothalamic circuit controlling corticosteroid secretion (21, 22). However, it remains unclear whether vasopressin o ...
Controlling gene expression with the Q repressible binary
... Refining expression patterns with an ‘and’ gate In D. melanogaster, the DNA-binding domain (BD) and transcription-activation domain (AD) domains from GAL4 can be independently expressed using different promoters, and transcriptional activity can be reconstituted in the intersectional subset of two p ...
... Refining expression patterns with an ‘and’ gate In D. melanogaster, the DNA-binding domain (BD) and transcription-activation domain (AD) domains from GAL4 can be independently expressed using different promoters, and transcriptional activity can be reconstituted in the intersectional subset of two p ...
Functional Specialization Within the Cat Red Nucleus
... Fetz and Cheney (1980) developed the technique of spiketriggered averaging of electromyography (EMG) to detect functional relations between cellular activity and muscle activation. By synchronizing the EMG records to the activity of a single neuron it is possible, with sufficient averaging, to detec ...
... Fetz and Cheney (1980) developed the technique of spiketriggered averaging of electromyography (EMG) to detect functional relations between cellular activity and muscle activation. By synchronizing the EMG records to the activity of a single neuron it is possible, with sufficient averaging, to detec ...
- Columbia University Medical Center
... that the developmentally regulated expression of type II cadherins defines specific motor pools. Expression of one type II cadherin, MN-cadherin, regulates the segregation of motor pools that are normally distinguished by expression of this protein. Type II cadherins are also expressed by propriocep ...
... that the developmentally regulated expression of type II cadherins defines specific motor pools. Expression of one type II cadherin, MN-cadherin, regulates the segregation of motor pools that are normally distinguished by expression of this protein. Type II cadherins are also expressed by propriocep ...
Article
... mammals, sharing many similarities [4, 5]. CPG networks underlying locomotion exhibit features common to many neural circuits, such as spatio-temporal coordination and flexibility. Each cycle of motor output involves sequences of muscle contraction and relaxation in multiple parts of the body, and c ...
... mammals, sharing many similarities [4, 5]. CPG networks underlying locomotion exhibit features common to many neural circuits, such as spatio-temporal coordination and flexibility. Each cycle of motor output involves sequences of muscle contraction and relaxation in multiple parts of the body, and c ...
Calculating Consequences - Human Reward and Decision Making lab
... fellowships from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science for Young Scientists. Correspondence should be addressed to John P. O’Doherty at the above address. E-mail: ...
... fellowships from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science for Young Scientists. Correspondence should be addressed to John P. O’Doherty at the above address. E-mail: ...
The human brain in numbers: a linearly scaled-up
... species as an outlier in the body × brain comparison is made clear if one considers that although gorillas and orangutans overlap or exceed humans in body size, their brains amount to only about one-third of the size of the human brain. There are, however, several problems with the notion that the e ...
... species as an outlier in the body × brain comparison is made clear if one considers that although gorillas and orangutans overlap or exceed humans in body size, their brains amount to only about one-third of the size of the human brain. There are, however, several problems with the notion that the e ...
Dynamics of Propofol-Induced Loss of Consciousness Across
... from wakefulness to unconsciousness is not a continuous process, but rather a series of discrete neural changes. Key words: general anesthesia; local field potential; loss of consciousness; primate; sensory premotor network; single-neuron activity ...
... from wakefulness to unconsciousness is not a continuous process, but rather a series of discrete neural changes. Key words: general anesthesia; local field potential; loss of consciousness; primate; sensory premotor network; single-neuron activity ...
13 Nervous System
... Transmission of the nerve impulse from one neuron to another takes place at a synapse when a neurotransmitter molecule is released from an axon bulb into a synaptic cleft. The binding of the neurotransmitter to receptors in the postsynaptic membrane causes either excitation or inhibition. Synaptic I ...
... Transmission of the nerve impulse from one neuron to another takes place at a synapse when a neurotransmitter molecule is released from an axon bulb into a synaptic cleft. The binding of the neurotransmitter to receptors in the postsynaptic membrane causes either excitation or inhibition. Synaptic I ...
PART IV INTEGRATION AND COORDINATION IN HUMANS
... Transmission of the nerve impulse from one neuron to another takes place at a synapse when a neurotransmitter molecule is released from an axon bulb into a synaptic cleft. The binding of the neurotransmitter to receptors in the postsynaptic membrane causes either excitation or inhibition. Synaptic I ...
... Transmission of the nerve impulse from one neuron to another takes place at a synapse when a neurotransmitter molecule is released from an axon bulb into a synaptic cleft. The binding of the neurotransmitter to receptors in the postsynaptic membrane causes either excitation or inhibition. Synaptic I ...
Physiology and mathematical modeling of the auditory system
... It is hard to imagine what the world would be like if it was put on “mute”. For most people the vast and diverse stream of auditory information is an indispensable part of the environment perception. Our auditory system, among other things, allows us to understand speech, appreciate music, and locat ...
... It is hard to imagine what the world would be like if it was put on “mute”. For most people the vast and diverse stream of auditory information is an indispensable part of the environment perception. Our auditory system, among other things, allows us to understand speech, appreciate music, and locat ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.