The Loss of Glutamate-GABA Harmony in Anxiety Disorders
... transmembrane ion channels that open or close in response to the binding of a ligand. These receptors convert the chemical signal of a presynaptically released neurotransmitter directly and very quickly into a postsynaptic electrical signal (Olsen & Sieghart, 2008), inducing the inhibitory postsynap ...
... transmembrane ion channels that open or close in response to the binding of a ligand. These receptors convert the chemical signal of a presynaptically released neurotransmitter directly and very quickly into a postsynaptic electrical signal (Olsen & Sieghart, 2008), inducing the inhibitory postsynap ...
PPRF lesions at the level of abducens
... are associated with ipsilateral gaze palsy and loss of reflex vestibular (and tonic neck) movements This presumes that there is a critical synapse within the caudal PPRF for the vestibulo-ocular pathways or that the functional integrity of the PPRF at that level is necessary for vestibulo-ocular eye ...
... are associated with ipsilateral gaze palsy and loss of reflex vestibular (and tonic neck) movements This presumes that there is a critical synapse within the caudal PPRF for the vestibulo-ocular pathways or that the functional integrity of the PPRF at that level is necessary for vestibulo-ocular eye ...
avian brain nomenclature forum
... mammalian amygdala, the avian archistriatum receives inputs from other parts of the pallium, including the hippocampal complex and some associative pallial areas (like NCL), and from some multimodal dorsal thalamic nuclei (Wild et al., 1993; Veenman et al., 1995; Kröner and Güntürkün, 1999); (3) Lik ...
... mammalian amygdala, the avian archistriatum receives inputs from other parts of the pallium, including the hippocampal complex and some associative pallial areas (like NCL), and from some multimodal dorsal thalamic nuclei (Wild et al., 1993; Veenman et al., 1995; Kröner and Güntürkün, 1999); (3) Lik ...
Neural correlates of attention in primate visual cortex
... Fig. 1. Time course of responses to two stimuli inside the receptive field. (a) The curves indicate the normalized instantaneous firing rate averaged across 64 cells from the middle-temporal area (MT) and the medial superior temporal area (MST). The x-axis plots the time (in ms) from the onset of th ...
... Fig. 1. Time course of responses to two stimuli inside the receptive field. (a) The curves indicate the normalized instantaneous firing rate averaged across 64 cells from the middle-temporal area (MT) and the medial superior temporal area (MST). The x-axis plots the time (in ms) from the onset of th ...
Horizontal Gaze Palsy
... are associated with ipsilateral gaze palsy and loss of reflex vestibular (and tonic neck) movements This presumes that there is a critical synapse within the caudal PPRF for the vestibulo-ocular pathways or that the functional integrity of the PPRF at that level is necessary for vestibulo-ocular eye ...
... are associated with ipsilateral gaze palsy and loss of reflex vestibular (and tonic neck) movements This presumes that there is a critical synapse within the caudal PPRF for the vestibulo-ocular pathways or that the functional integrity of the PPRF at that level is necessary for vestibulo-ocular eye ...
ch_12_lecture_presentation
... A myelinated axon, showing the organization of Schwann cells along the length of the axon. Also shown are stages in the formation of a myelin sheath by a single Schwann cell along a portion of a single axon. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... A myelinated axon, showing the organization of Schwann cells along the length of the axon. Also shown are stages in the formation of a myelin sheath by a single Schwann cell along a portion of a single axon. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Kenji Doya 2001
... the course of learning was a big surprise to theoretical neuroscientists who were familiar with TD learning. The response to the reward itself before learning and the response to the reward predicting sensory state after learning are exactly how the TD error (2) should behave in the course of learni ...
... the course of learning was a big surprise to theoretical neuroscientists who were familiar with TD learning. The response to the reward itself before learning and the response to the reward predicting sensory state after learning are exactly how the TD error (2) should behave in the course of learni ...
Cartesian spatial coordinates Computing reaching dynamics in
... are considerably more concise than for joint-based reference frames and have physically intuitive interpretations (Hinton 1984). The dynamics of linked rigid bodies using spatial vectors, known as the Newton-Euler method (reviewed in APPENDIX A), has been well studied, especially in robotics, but it ...
... are considerably more concise than for joint-based reference frames and have physically intuitive interpretations (Hinton 1984). The dynamics of linked rigid bodies using spatial vectors, known as the Newton-Euler method (reviewed in APPENDIX A), has been well studied, especially in robotics, but it ...
the organization of behavioral repertoire in motor cortex
... movement control. Traditionally, motor control is studied by examining simple components of movements. This review, however, argues that much greater insight can be gained about specific mechanisms when the motor system is considered in the context of meaningful behavior. The animal’s behavioral repe ...
... movement control. Traditionally, motor control is studied by examining simple components of movements. This review, however, argues that much greater insight can be gained about specific mechanisms when the motor system is considered in the context of meaningful behavior. The animal’s behavioral repe ...
Somatostatin-Expressing Inhibitory Interneurons in Cortical Circuits
... to humans (Hendry et al., 1987; Tamamaki et al., 2003; Markram et al., 2004; Sherwood et al., 2010). Interneurons exhibit remarkable diversity in their morphology, histochemistry, intrinsic membrane properties, and connectivity. This diversity strongly suggests that different types of interneurons p ...
... to humans (Hendry et al., 1987; Tamamaki et al., 2003; Markram et al., 2004; Sherwood et al., 2010). Interneurons exhibit remarkable diversity in their morphology, histochemistry, intrinsic membrane properties, and connectivity. This diversity strongly suggests that different types of interneurons p ...
Long, intrinsic horizontal axons radiating through and beyond rat
... were made into PMBSF. Anterograde transport of the tracer revealed cases where long, intrinsic horizontal axons projected through gray matter out from PMBSF and across boundaries into visual and auditory cortical areas (Frostig et al. 2008; Stehberg et al. 2014). Similar long-range horizontal projec ...
... were made into PMBSF. Anterograde transport of the tracer revealed cases where long, intrinsic horizontal axons projected through gray matter out from PMBSF and across boundaries into visual and auditory cortical areas (Frostig et al. 2008; Stehberg et al. 2014). Similar long-range horizontal projec ...
Free recall and recognition in a network model of the... simulating effects of scopolamine on human memory function
... tasks. In humans, damage to cortical cholinergic innervation caused by anterior communicating artery aneurysms impairs performance in tests of the free recall of lists of words or information from paragraphs [42,43], causes enhanced interference in an A– B, A–C paradigm [44] and also results in cons ...
... tasks. In humans, damage to cortical cholinergic innervation caused by anterior communicating artery aneurysms impairs performance in tests of the free recall of lists of words or information from paragraphs [42,43], causes enhanced interference in an A– B, A–C paradigm [44] and also results in cons ...
ELECTRODEPOSITION OF ALLOYS, 1930 TO 1940.1 By Ci
... nerve stimulation resulted in a characteristic two-peaked response in the sSNA with the latencies of 115 ⫾ 2 ms and 211 ⫾ 4 ms (n ⫽ 7, Fig. 4A). Bilateral microinjection of DiMe-SP in the RVLM significantly attenuated the first and second peaks to 27 ⫾ 10% and 1 ⫾ 8% baseline, respectively (n ⫽ 6, P ...
... nerve stimulation resulted in a characteristic two-peaked response in the sSNA with the latencies of 115 ⫾ 2 ms and 211 ⫾ 4 ms (n ⫽ 7, Fig. 4A). Bilateral microinjection of DiMe-SP in the RVLM significantly attenuated the first and second peaks to 27 ⫾ 10% and 1 ⫾ 8% baseline, respectively (n ⫽ 6, P ...
Towards the integration of neural mechanisms and cognition in
... neural circuits and the robot; it is the control interface and it implements how the neural activity is translated in actuation. The Neural lattice layer is the brain model and it is fairly composed by at least two sublayers: the neural circuits and the cognition. The neural circuits layer contains ...
... neural circuits and the robot; it is the control interface and it implements how the neural activity is translated in actuation. The Neural lattice layer is the brain model and it is fairly composed by at least two sublayers: the neural circuits and the cognition. The neural circuits layer contains ...
REVIEWS - Institute for Applied Psychometrics
... haloperidol results in a sudden scalar (proportional to the timed criterion) rightward shift of the estimated time, whereas its repeated administration (H1, H2 and so on) results in a gradual return of the estimated time to the criterion duration12 (d). The rightward shift of the estimated time is p ...
... haloperidol results in a sudden scalar (proportional to the timed criterion) rightward shift of the estimated time, whereas its repeated administration (H1, H2 and so on) results in a gradual return of the estimated time to the criterion duration12 (d). The rightward shift of the estimated time is p ...
Babinski reflex and corticospinal tract lesion
... Ia fibers can also synapse onto inhibitory interneurons and cause the relaxation of the antagonist muscles. (polysynaptic component) ...
... Ia fibers can also synapse onto inhibitory interneurons and cause the relaxation of the antagonist muscles. (polysynaptic component) ...
Introduction - Bowling Green State University
... The mesolimbic dopaminergic system has received considerable attention in the literature due to its involvement in a range of psychological processes and neuropsychiatric diseases. In fact, after the development of the dopaminergic theory of schizophrenia (Carlsson 1974, 1978, 1988, Meltzer & Stahl ...
... The mesolimbic dopaminergic system has received considerable attention in the literature due to its involvement in a range of psychological processes and neuropsychiatric diseases. In fact, after the development of the dopaminergic theory of schizophrenia (Carlsson 1974, 1978, 1988, Meltzer & Stahl ...
Novel Nuclear Protein Complexes of Dystrophin 71 Isoforms in
... between the inside and the outside of the cell [9, 10]. DB and SYN are associated to the C-terminal region of Dp71 [11, 12]. SAR are four transmembranal proteins that have been widely studied in retina [13]. It has been shown that Dp71s are necessary for the stability of DAP complex in the plasma me ...
... between the inside and the outside of the cell [9, 10]. DB and SYN are associated to the C-terminal region of Dp71 [11, 12]. SAR are four transmembranal proteins that have been widely studied in retina [13]. It has been shown that Dp71s are necessary for the stability of DAP complex in the plasma me ...
Assessing the Function of Motor Cortex: Single
... that some M1 activity was related to noncausal motor output parameters, such as the current joint angle and the direction of the next movement in a repeated sequence (Thach, 1978). When the domain of neurophysiological inquiry expanded to the study of multijoint reaching movements (Georgopoulos et a ...
... that some M1 activity was related to noncausal motor output parameters, such as the current joint angle and the direction of the next movement in a repeated sequence (Thach, 1978). When the domain of neurophysiological inquiry expanded to the study of multijoint reaching movements (Georgopoulos et a ...
Down - 서울대 Biointelligence lab
... cortical cell (Brodmann’s area 46) that fired without task-relevant characteristics with an average firing rate of about 15 spikes/s. The coefficient of variation of the spike trains is Cv ≈ 1.09. (B) Simulated data from a Poisson distributed spike trains I which a Gaussian refractory time has been ...
... cortical cell (Brodmann’s area 46) that fired without task-relevant characteristics with an average firing rate of about 15 spikes/s. The coefficient of variation of the spike trains is Cv ≈ 1.09. (B) Simulated data from a Poisson distributed spike trains I which a Gaussian refractory time has been ...
Dendrites as separate compartment – local protein synthesis
... assume that local protein synthesis in subsynaptic region of dendrites is possible. A discovery that high frequency, tetanic stimulation causes a long-term change in the efficacy of stimulated synapses led to an extensive research on the molecular basis of that phenomenon. Long term potentiation (LT ...
... assume that local protein synthesis in subsynaptic region of dendrites is possible. A discovery that high frequency, tetanic stimulation causes a long-term change in the efficacy of stimulated synapses led to an extensive research on the molecular basis of that phenomenon. Long term potentiation (LT ...
Golgi: a life in science - Oxford Academic
... staining nervous tissue yielded an incomplete picture. The painstaking work of Otto Friedrich Karl Deiters [(1834–63); 1865] had demonstrated the continuity between the nerve cell and its dendrites and axon, but his work involved tedious dissection of hardened tissue, and was most feasible for spina ...
... staining nervous tissue yielded an incomplete picture. The painstaking work of Otto Friedrich Karl Deiters [(1834–63); 1865] had demonstrated the continuity between the nerve cell and its dendrites and axon, but his work involved tedious dissection of hardened tissue, and was most feasible for spina ...
FREE Sample Here - Find the cheapest test bank for your
... At the end of the axon there are fibers that end in what are called terminal buttons. Neurotransmitters are stored in the terminal buttons. These carry the electrical information across the synaptic gap. Neurochemical Messengers There are a variety of neurotransmitters. Each plays a different role ...
... At the end of the axon there are fibers that end in what are called terminal buttons. Neurotransmitters are stored in the terminal buttons. These carry the electrical information across the synaptic gap. Neurochemical Messengers There are a variety of neurotransmitters. Each plays a different role ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.