Dendrites as separate compartment – local protein synthesis
... assume that local protein synthesis in subsynaptic region of dendrites is possible. A discovery that high frequency, tetanic stimulation causes a long-term change in the efficacy of stimulated synapses led to an extensive research on the molecular basis of that phenomenon. Long term potentiation (LT ...
... assume that local protein synthesis in subsynaptic region of dendrites is possible. A discovery that high frequency, tetanic stimulation causes a long-term change in the efficacy of stimulated synapses led to an extensive research on the molecular basis of that phenomenon. Long term potentiation (LT ...
The neuropharmacology of impulsive behaviour
... findings have implicated the orbitofrontal cortex in impulsive action [20], whereas, to date, damage to this brain area was mainly found to produce or alter delay aversion [21– 24] and not impulsive action [25]. In addition, a role for limbic regions such as the habenula and hippocampus in impulsive ...
... findings have implicated the orbitofrontal cortex in impulsive action [20], whereas, to date, damage to this brain area was mainly found to produce or alter delay aversion [21– 24] and not impulsive action [25]. In addition, a role for limbic regions such as the habenula and hippocampus in impulsive ...
The neural encoding of self-generated and externally applied
... perception of self-‐motion. In mice the majority of these vestibular nuclei neurons are sensitive to the dynamic stimulation of neck proprioceptors (Medrea and Cullen, 2013). This finding is consist ...
... perception of self-‐motion. In mice the majority of these vestibular nuclei neurons are sensitive to the dynamic stimulation of neck proprioceptors (Medrea and Cullen, 2013). This finding is consist ...
Multi-item Memory in the Primate Prefrontal Cortex
... To address the questions we have outlined above, we designed an experiment to study the mechanism that the brain employs to represent multiple items. Monkeys were trained to remember two items presented sequentially at the fovea, and to release a lever when a matching sequence was seen. In this firs ...
... To address the questions we have outlined above, we designed an experiment to study the mechanism that the brain employs to represent multiple items. Monkeys were trained to remember two items presented sequentially at the fovea, and to release a lever when a matching sequence was seen. In this firs ...
- White Rose Research Online
... 97% of the cell population in rat, with GABAergic and cholinergic interneurons forming most of the remaining cell population. Despite their comparatively small number, the GABAergic fastspiking interneurons (FSIs) in particular exert a very strong influence on the MSNs [20–22], receive input from si ...
... 97% of the cell population in rat, with GABAergic and cholinergic interneurons forming most of the remaining cell population. Despite their comparatively small number, the GABAergic fastspiking interneurons (FSIs) in particular exert a very strong influence on the MSNs [20–22], receive input from si ...
File
... • Deficiency of g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) • Deficiency of serotonin/excess in norepinephrine ...
... • Deficiency of g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) • Deficiency of serotonin/excess in norepinephrine ...
Structure–function relationship of working memory activity with
... unexplored area is the nature and existence of ‘‘crossmodal’’ structural–functional relationships, in which, for example, the volume (or other morphological property) of one brain region is related to the functional response to a given task either in that same brain region, or another brain region. ...
... unexplored area is the nature and existence of ‘‘crossmodal’’ structural–functional relationships, in which, for example, the volume (or other morphological property) of one brain region is related to the functional response to a given task either in that same brain region, or another brain region. ...
The Loss of Glutamate-GABA Harmony in Anxiety Disorders
... transmembrane ion channels that open or close in response to the binding of a ligand. These receptors convert the chemical signal of a presynaptically released neurotransmitter directly and very quickly into a postsynaptic electrical signal (Olsen & Sieghart, 2008), inducing the inhibitory postsynap ...
... transmembrane ion channels that open or close in response to the binding of a ligand. These receptors convert the chemical signal of a presynaptically released neurotransmitter directly and very quickly into a postsynaptic electrical signal (Olsen & Sieghart, 2008), inducing the inhibitory postsynap ...
All-Optical Interrogation of Neural Circuits
... Neural activity produces little endogenous optical contrast. Simply by looking at a neuron, one cannot observe its firing, although researchers have long sought means to detect a fast intrinsic optical signal (FIOS) induced by changes in membrane potential. A FIOS has been detected via subtle change ...
... Neural activity produces little endogenous optical contrast. Simply by looking at a neuron, one cannot observe its firing, although researchers have long sought means to detect a fast intrinsic optical signal (FIOS) induced by changes in membrane potential. A FIOS has been detected via subtle change ...
In Vitro, Ex Vivo and In Vivo Techniques to Study Neuronal Migration
... which originate from the ventral brain, in the VZ and SVZ of the medial (MGE), lateral (LGE) and caudal (CGE) ganglionic eminences [3,10,18]. In addition, recent work has shown that roughly 10% of cortical interneurons originate from the Preoptic area (POA) and migrate long distances to reach the co ...
... which originate from the ventral brain, in the VZ and SVZ of the medial (MGE), lateral (LGE) and caudal (CGE) ganglionic eminences [3,10,18]. In addition, recent work has shown that roughly 10% of cortical interneurons originate from the Preoptic area (POA) and migrate long distances to reach the co ...
THALAMOAMYGDALOID CONNECTIONS STUDIED BY THE
... It is generally supposed that amygdalopetal connections of the thalamus originate mainly in the mediodorsal nucleus (10, 12). Only recently another system of thalamoamygdaloid connections has been shown which arises in neumns of the posterior thalamic region (6, 7, 15). Moreover, some investigations ...
... It is generally supposed that amygdalopetal connections of the thalamus originate mainly in the mediodorsal nucleus (10, 12). Only recently another system of thalamoamygdaloid connections has been shown which arises in neumns of the posterior thalamic region (6, 7, 15). Moreover, some investigations ...
Practice Questions for Neuro Anatomy Lectures 8,9,11,12 The
... 77. You ask the patient the patient in the above question to close their eyes and you put a vibrating fork on their left forearm. They were unable to accurately tell you the kind or location of the vibration. What side of the brain did the lesion occur at? a. Right b. Left c. Both 78. You ask the ab ...
... 77. You ask the patient the patient in the above question to close their eyes and you put a vibrating fork on their left forearm. They were unable to accurately tell you the kind or location of the vibration. What side of the brain did the lesion occur at? a. Right b. Left c. Both 78. You ask the ab ...
The Cerebellum - krigolson teaching
... neurons such as cells of Lugaro, unipolar brush cells, and chandelier cells. The mossy fibers, one of the two principal afferent inputs to the cerebellum, terminate in this layer. The bulbous terminals of the mossy fibers excite granule cells and Golgi neurons in synaptic complexes called cerebellar ...
... neurons such as cells of Lugaro, unipolar brush cells, and chandelier cells. The mossy fibers, one of the two principal afferent inputs to the cerebellum, terminate in this layer. The bulbous terminals of the mossy fibers excite granule cells and Golgi neurons in synaptic complexes called cerebellar ...
c-Jun Expression in Adult Rat Dorsal Root
... axotomy (7, 30, 45, 57). Regenerative failure after CNS injury has been attributed both to intrinsic neuronal and extrinsic environmental factors. The environment of the PNS is clearly conducive for axonal regrowth of either peripheral or central axons (23, 53, 54, 68), while the mature CNS environm ...
... axotomy (7, 30, 45, 57). Regenerative failure after CNS injury has been attributed both to intrinsic neuronal and extrinsic environmental factors. The environment of the PNS is clearly conducive for axonal regrowth of either peripheral or central axons (23, 53, 54, 68), while the mature CNS environm ...
Neurodegenerative Changes in the Motor Cortex and Cerebellum in Wistar... Following Acute Pneumococcal Meningitis
... endothelial cells activate the release of Tumor necrosis factoralpha (TNF-α), nitric oxide and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). This activation leads to increased permeability[1-3]. The endothelium also expresses several receptors for leukocyte adhesion, thereby, enabling the presence of chemotac ...
... endothelial cells activate the release of Tumor necrosis factoralpha (TNF-α), nitric oxide and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). This activation leads to increased permeability[1-3]. The endothelium also expresses several receptors for leukocyte adhesion, thereby, enabling the presence of chemotac ...
T2 - Center for Neural Basis of Cognition
... Extrastriate Summary Remapping occurs at early stages of the visual hierarchy. Corollary discharge has an impact far back into the system. Remapping implies widespread connectivity in which many neurons have rapid access to information well beyond the classical receptive field. Vision is an active ...
... Extrastriate Summary Remapping occurs at early stages of the visual hierarchy. Corollary discharge has an impact far back into the system. Remapping implies widespread connectivity in which many neurons have rapid access to information well beyond the classical receptive field. Vision is an active ...
Does Loss of Nerve Growth Factor Receptors Precede Loss of
... cell bodies and proximal neurites in the nucleusof the diagonal band of Broca and the nucleusbasalisof Meynert (Fig. lA-C). Within cell bodies,the reaction product wasconcentratedat the neuronal membrane and in the perinuclear area. No immunostaining was observed in the striatum. In brains from AD p ...
... cell bodies and proximal neurites in the nucleusof the diagonal band of Broca and the nucleusbasalisof Meynert (Fig. lA-C). Within cell bodies,the reaction product wasconcentratedat the neuronal membrane and in the perinuclear area. No immunostaining was observed in the striatum. In brains from AD p ...
Interactions Between the Lateral Hypothalamus and the
... similar electrode assembly was also placed into the PAG. The PAG region was searched until an area containing neurons responsive to LH stimulation was found. This area was stimulated while a recording was made from the LH region. Once a cell in this area was isolated, its response to PAG stimulation ...
... similar electrode assembly was also placed into the PAG. The PAG region was searched until an area containing neurons responsive to LH stimulation was found. This area was stimulated while a recording was made from the LH region. Once a cell in this area was isolated, its response to PAG stimulation ...
I. Neurons are the anatomical elements of neural systems
... several nerve cells in the retina DO NOT, they produce graded potentials b. typically bipolar—receive input from one end and provide outputs at the other end c. dendrites= small branches of neuron that receive inputs d. axon= a single long process that provide the output e. cell body contains metabo ...
... several nerve cells in the retina DO NOT, they produce graded potentials b. typically bipolar—receive input from one end and provide outputs at the other end c. dendrites= small branches of neuron that receive inputs d. axon= a single long process that provide the output e. cell body contains metabo ...
NMDA and AMPA Receptors: Development and Status Epilepticus
... (Lawrence and Trussell 2000) and activity-dependent forms of synaptic plasticity (Liu and Cull-Candy 2000). In different cell types of the CNS, AMPARs are functionally and molecularly distinct (see Table 2). The specific expression of rapidly gated, Ca2+permeable AMPARs in interneurons and relay neu ...
... (Lawrence and Trussell 2000) and activity-dependent forms of synaptic plasticity (Liu and Cull-Candy 2000). In different cell types of the CNS, AMPARs are functionally and molecularly distinct (see Table 2). The specific expression of rapidly gated, Ca2+permeable AMPARs in interneurons and relay neu ...
recognition memory: what are the roles of the perirhinal cortex and
... anterior inferior temporal cortex, including the perirhinal cortex, under conditions where the animal needs to remember only one stimulus at a time. First, under these conditions, neuronal activity related to a prior stimulus occurs in the delay before an animal must make a familiarity discriminatio ...
... anterior inferior temporal cortex, including the perirhinal cortex, under conditions where the animal needs to remember only one stimulus at a time. First, under these conditions, neuronal activity related to a prior stimulus occurs in the delay before an animal must make a familiarity discriminatio ...
State of the art
... brain is the master regulator of the neuroendocrine, autonomic, and immune systems, along with behaviors that contribute to unhealthy or health lifestyles, which, in turn, influence the physiological processes of allostasis (Figure 3).2 Alterations in brain function by chronic stress can, therefore, ...
... brain is the master regulator of the neuroendocrine, autonomic, and immune systems, along with behaviors that contribute to unhealthy or health lifestyles, which, in turn, influence the physiological processes of allostasis (Figure 3).2 Alterations in brain function by chronic stress can, therefore, ...
Lorazepam dose-dependently decreases risk-taking
... human norm, i.e., individuals when making a decision are more strongly influenced by the potential of losses associated with an action than by the potential of gains. In other words, from a normative perspective, individuals tend to be riskaverse. Thus, it is important to understand maladaptive (exc ...
... human norm, i.e., individuals when making a decision are more strongly influenced by the potential of losses associated with an action than by the potential of gains. In other words, from a normative perspective, individuals tend to be riskaverse. Thus, it is important to understand maladaptive (exc ...
PDF - Department of Neurobiology and Behavior
... ⫾200 ms around syllable onset (or offset). The timing of the rate change relative to the syllable onset (or offset) was computed as the time of maximal rate change above (for rate increases) or below (for rate decreases) the baseline rate. To construct population rate histograms (as in Fig. 2D), his ...
... ⫾200 ms around syllable onset (or offset). The timing of the rate change relative to the syllable onset (or offset) was computed as the time of maximal rate change above (for rate increases) or below (for rate decreases) the baseline rate. To construct population rate histograms (as in Fig. 2D), his ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.