Increased Expression of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) in
... IR in visceral afferent and PGNs is plastic and can be upregulated by peripheral nerve injury. [Key words: visceral afferent neurons, preganglionic neurons, lateral collateral pathway, NADPH-diaphorase, nitric oxide synthase, sacral parasympathetic nucleus, intermediolateral cell column, axotomy, do ...
... IR in visceral afferent and PGNs is plastic and can be upregulated by peripheral nerve injury. [Key words: visceral afferent neurons, preganglionic neurons, lateral collateral pathway, NADPH-diaphorase, nitric oxide synthase, sacral parasympathetic nucleus, intermediolateral cell column, axotomy, do ...
the premotor cortex of the monkey
... cortex can be defined as the part of the frontal agranular isocortex outside of the precentral motor (MI) and the supplementary motor (MII) representations and it can be distinguished from the rostrally adjacent frontal granular cortex on cytoarchitectonic grounds. This definition is consistent with ...
... cortex can be defined as the part of the frontal agranular isocortex outside of the precentral motor (MI) and the supplementary motor (MII) representations and it can be distinguished from the rostrally adjacent frontal granular cortex on cytoarchitectonic grounds. This definition is consistent with ...
Evolution of central pattern generators and rhythmic behaviours
... produce divergent behaviours from the same set of neurons. For example, two species of nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, which is the common laboratory species, and Pristionchus pacificus, a predatory nematode, each have individually identifiable neurons. The pharyngeal system used for feeding in bo ...
... produce divergent behaviours from the same set of neurons. For example, two species of nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, which is the common laboratory species, and Pristionchus pacificus, a predatory nematode, each have individually identifiable neurons. The pharyngeal system used for feeding in bo ...
MIrror neuRons based RObot Recognition - LIRA-Lab
... discharge are actions in which the experimenter's hand or mouth interacts with objects. The mere presentation of objects or food is ineffective in evoking mirror neurons discharge. Similarly, actions made by tools, even when conceptually identical to those made by hands (e.g. grasping with pliers), ...
... discharge are actions in which the experimenter's hand or mouth interacts with objects. The mere presentation of objects or food is ineffective in evoking mirror neurons discharge. Similarly, actions made by tools, even when conceptually identical to those made by hands (e.g. grasping with pliers), ...
Sensitization of the Trigeminal Sensory System During Different
... RFS for the combined stages (M + D = metestrus/diestrus, P + E = proestrus/estrus). The symbols (∗) and (#) indicate P values <.05 between 2 groups. Standard error bars are shown for each outcome measure. ...
... RFS for the combined stages (M + D = metestrus/diestrus, P + E = proestrus/estrus). The symbols (∗) and (#) indicate P values <.05 between 2 groups. Standard error bars are shown for each outcome measure. ...
Olfaction
... Mice have more than 1400 different types of olfactory receptor proteins, humans have about 350 different types, and fish about 60 different types. ...
... Mice have more than 1400 different types of olfactory receptor proteins, humans have about 350 different types, and fish about 60 different types. ...
Developmental Biology, 9e
... Neuronal Specification and Axonal Specificity • 100 billion neurons in the adult – 300 billion born! – All with a single axon, one or a few synapses – All with a single phenotype, neurotransmitter ...
... Neuronal Specification and Axonal Specificity • 100 billion neurons in the adult – 300 billion born! – All with a single axon, one or a few synapses – All with a single phenotype, neurotransmitter ...
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... fashion. The mapping becomes more complex, however, when a stimulus space that has more than two dimensions is mapped onto the cortical sheet. Optimizing local continuity then becomes a matter of fitting together disparate pieces in the best compromise possible. For example, at the columnar level, t ...
... fashion. The mapping becomes more complex, however, when a stimulus space that has more than two dimensions is mapped onto the cortical sheet. Optimizing local continuity then becomes a matter of fitting together disparate pieces in the best compromise possible. For example, at the columnar level, t ...
The Central Visual System
... Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ...
... Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ...
Computational modeling of responses in human visual
... In the mid-1800s, biologists began examining the responses in animal brains to localize various stimulus-driven responses. Visual cortex was localized rather early, though not without some serious disputes (1-3). The biologists were joined in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by neurologists an ...
... In the mid-1800s, biologists began examining the responses in animal brains to localize various stimulus-driven responses. Visual cortex was localized rather early, though not without some serious disputes (1-3). The biologists were joined in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by neurologists an ...
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... is compared to internal templates, consisting of harmonic series of fundamental frequencies (Terhardt, 1974). Pitch is then estimated from the fundamental frequency of the best matching template. This mechanism requires that harmonics of the sound produce clear peaks in the spatial pattern of BM vib ...
... is compared to internal templates, consisting of harmonic series of fundamental frequencies (Terhardt, 1974). Pitch is then estimated from the fundamental frequency of the best matching template. This mechanism requires that harmonics of the sound produce clear peaks in the spatial pattern of BM vib ...
A Verbose Guide to Dissection of the Sheep`s Brain H
... arrangement of the gyri may be of no functional consequence. If you look at a whole sheep or human brain, you will notice that there is usually a fair bit of variation in the gyral pattern between the left and right hemispheres. Even cats, with fewer gyri overall, show this kind of random variation. ...
... arrangement of the gyri may be of no functional consequence. If you look at a whole sheep or human brain, you will notice that there is usually a fair bit of variation in the gyral pattern between the left and right hemispheres. Even cats, with fewer gyri overall, show this kind of random variation. ...
Historical analysis of the neural control of movement from the
... indeed a reflex or just a direct response of muscle that had become unusually irritable. Estimates of its latency were repeatedly attempted with controversial results, and its reflex origin was only finally agreed on about 1910. The essential refinement of temporal measurement was achieved by record ...
... indeed a reflex or just a direct response of muscle that had become unusually irritable. Estimates of its latency were repeatedly attempted with controversial results, and its reflex origin was only finally agreed on about 1910. The essential refinement of temporal measurement was achieved by record ...
Forebrain Origins and Terminations of the Medial Forebrain Bundle
... iological investigation as a likely substrate for the rewarding effect of MFB stimulation. They also suggest that dopaminergic projection systems may not form part of the reward pathway itself. Behavioral experiments, using methods for determining quantitative properties of the neural substrate, hav ...
... iological investigation as a likely substrate for the rewarding effect of MFB stimulation. They also suggest that dopaminergic projection systems may not form part of the reward pathway itself. Behavioral experiments, using methods for determining quantitative properties of the neural substrate, hav ...
How Do Neurons Convey Information?
... Another line of evidence that the flow of information in the brain is partly electrical in nature came from the results of recording experiments with the use of a voltmeter, a device that measures the flow of electricity. A voltmeter, which is illustrated in Figure 4-2B, has one wire connected to a ...
... Another line of evidence that the flow of information in the brain is partly electrical in nature came from the results of recording experiments with the use of a voltmeter, a device that measures the flow of electricity. A voltmeter, which is illustrated in Figure 4-2B, has one wire connected to a ...
Habituation, sensitization and Pavlovian conditioning
... Identification of the necessary and sufficient conditions for the formation of associations has been a driving influence on learning theory and research. In Pavlovian conditioning, a conditioned stimulus (CS) acquires the ability to trigger a new response by virtue of being paired with an unconditio ...
... Identification of the necessary and sufficient conditions for the formation of associations has been a driving influence on learning theory and research. In Pavlovian conditioning, a conditioned stimulus (CS) acquires the ability to trigger a new response by virtue of being paired with an unconditio ...
psychology 2
... What Are the Nervous System, Neurons, and Nerves? How Neurons Use Neurotransmitters to Communicate How the Brain and Spinal Cord Interact Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems How Hormones Interact with the Nervous System and Affect ...
... What Are the Nervous System, Neurons, and Nerves? How Neurons Use Neurotransmitters to Communicate How the Brain and Spinal Cord Interact Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems How Hormones Interact with the Nervous System and Affect ...
Neurotransmitter Release
... Only the first type of neurotransmitter release mediates the fast point-to-point synaptic transmission process at classical synapses (sometimes referred to as wiring transmission). All of the other types of neurotransmitter release effect one or another form of “volume transmission” whereby the neur ...
... Only the first type of neurotransmitter release mediates the fast point-to-point synaptic transmission process at classical synapses (sometimes referred to as wiring transmission). All of the other types of neurotransmitter release effect one or another form of “volume transmission” whereby the neur ...
Computational principles underlying recognition
... by longer intervals. The carrier frequencies of different field cricket species are often around 3–6 kHz, whereas the species-specificity lies in the temporal pattern of pulses (Alexander 1962; Hennig et al. 2004). Grasshopper songs possess normally broadband carrier frequencies, covering ranges fro ...
... by longer intervals. The carrier frequencies of different field cricket species are often around 3–6 kHz, whereas the species-specificity lies in the temporal pattern of pulses (Alexander 1962; Hennig et al. 2004). Grasshopper songs possess normally broadband carrier frequencies, covering ranges fro ...
Common Input to Motor Neurons Innervating the Same and Different
... receive similar inputs and that control a single muscle derives in part from these experimental observations on synaptic input organization. It is unclear, however, how the inputs to a pool of motor neurons might be organized for a muscle that is subdivided into different compartments (Loeb 1990). O ...
... receive similar inputs and that control a single muscle derives in part from these experimental observations on synaptic input organization. It is unclear, however, how the inputs to a pool of motor neurons might be organized for a muscle that is subdivided into different compartments (Loeb 1990). O ...
2.1 central nervous system: neurotransmission and
... of the body), Sensory (cause changes in any one of the senses. People with sensory seizures may smell or taste things that aren't there; hear clicking, ringing, or a person's voice when there is no actual sound; or feel a sensation of "pins and needles" or numbness), Psychic (cause changes in how pa ...
... of the body), Sensory (cause changes in any one of the senses. People with sensory seizures may smell or taste things that aren't there; hear clicking, ringing, or a person's voice when there is no actual sound; or feel a sensation of "pins and needles" or numbness), Psychic (cause changes in how pa ...
Intersegmental synchronization of spontaneous activity of dorsal
... discharges showed the highest incidence of overlapping receptive fields. However, in these studies, very little information was presented on mechanisms and/or pathways contributing to the intersegmental synchronization of the spontaneous activity of these neurons. One question that emerged from the ...
... discharges showed the highest incidence of overlapping receptive fields. However, in these studies, very little information was presented on mechanisms and/or pathways contributing to the intersegmental synchronization of the spontaneous activity of these neurons. One question that emerged from the ...
Prefrontal Phase Locking to Hippocampal Theta Oscillations
... This demonstrates that the observed phase locking explicitly depends on the entrainment of neuronal firing to the ongoing frequency fluctuations of the hippocampal theta rhythm. Note that in these examples the hippocampal unit was maximally phase locked to the future of the LFP signal (i.e., at τ = ...
... This demonstrates that the observed phase locking explicitly depends on the entrainment of neuronal firing to the ongoing frequency fluctuations of the hippocampal theta rhythm. Note that in these examples the hippocampal unit was maximally phase locked to the future of the LFP signal (i.e., at τ = ...
Tenascin-C Contains Distinct Adhesive, Anti
... of neurons, e.g., retinal ganglion cells. In some areas, TN-C is distributed in discrete boundaries which delineate emerging functional processing units, for example, in the barrel field of the developing somatosensory cortex, in the patch-matrix compartments of the nigrostriatal projection, or arou ...
... of neurons, e.g., retinal ganglion cells. In some areas, TN-C is distributed in discrete boundaries which delineate emerging functional processing units, for example, in the barrel field of the developing somatosensory cortex, in the patch-matrix compartments of the nigrostriatal projection, or arou ...
Pre- or postsynaptic distribution of distinct endocannabinoid
... 2-AG as a synaptic messenger (Melis et al, 2004; Makara et al, 2005; Hashimotodani et al, 2007, ...
... 2-AG as a synaptic messenger (Melis et al, 2004; Makara et al, 2005; Hashimotodani et al, 2007, ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.