Unit One: Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology
... contrast in the perceived spatial pattern a. Virtually every sensory pathway, when excited, gives rise simultaneously to lateral inhibitory signals b. Importance of lateral inhibition is that it blocks the lateral spread of excitatory signals and therefore, increases the degree of contrast in the se ...
... contrast in the perceived spatial pattern a. Virtually every sensory pathway, when excited, gives rise simultaneously to lateral inhibitory signals b. Importance of lateral inhibition is that it blocks the lateral spread of excitatory signals and therefore, increases the degree of contrast in the se ...
hypothalamus, pit..
... of cell groups. The borders of these cell groups often are not quite as distinct as those shown in the drawings, but the different cell groups are also distinguished based upon their neurotransmitters, functions, and connections. In general, the hypothalamus can be divided into three tiers of nuclei ...
... of cell groups. The borders of these cell groups often are not quite as distinct as those shown in the drawings, but the different cell groups are also distinguished based upon their neurotransmitters, functions, and connections. In general, the hypothalamus can be divided into three tiers of nuclei ...
The Nervous System: Sensory and Motor Tracts of the Spinal Cord
... upper motor neuron in the CNS controls a lower-motor neuron in the brain stem or spinal cord. The axon of the lower-motor neuron has direct control over skeletal muscle fibers. Stimulation of the lowermotor neuron always has an excitatory effect on the skeletal muscle fibers. ...
... upper motor neuron in the CNS controls a lower-motor neuron in the brain stem or spinal cord. The axon of the lower-motor neuron has direct control over skeletal muscle fibers. Stimulation of the lowermotor neuron always has an excitatory effect on the skeletal muscle fibers. ...
The Nervous System: Sensory and Motor Tracts of the Spinal Cord
... upper motor neuron in the CNS controls a lower-motor neuron in the brain stem or spinal cord. The axon of the lower-motor neuron has direct control over skeletal muscle fibers. Stimulation of the lowermotor neuron always has an excitatory effect on the skeletal muscle fibers. ...
... upper motor neuron in the CNS controls a lower-motor neuron in the brain stem or spinal cord. The axon of the lower-motor neuron has direct control over skeletal muscle fibers. Stimulation of the lowermotor neuron always has an excitatory effect on the skeletal muscle fibers. ...
A Quantitative Map of the Circuit of Cat Primary Visual Cortex
... of synapses made between neurons in the six layers. The predicted synaptic maps were quantitatively close to the estimates derived from the experimentalelectronmicroscopicstudiesforthecaseofthemainsourcesofexcitatoryandinhibitoryinputtothespinystellatecells,whichform a major target of layer 4 affere ...
... of synapses made between neurons in the six layers. The predicted synaptic maps were quantitatively close to the estimates derived from the experimentalelectronmicroscopicstudiesforthecaseofthemainsourcesofexcitatoryandinhibitoryinputtothespinystellatecells,whichform a major target of layer 4 affere ...
A GPU-accelerated cortical neural network model for visually guided
... Minch, & Delbruck, 2010; Wen & Boahen, 2009). Thus, developing complex spiking networks that display cognitive functions or learn behavioral abilities through autonomous interaction may also represent an important step toward realizing functional largescale networks on neuromorphic hardware. Overall ...
... Minch, & Delbruck, 2010; Wen & Boahen, 2009). Thus, developing complex spiking networks that display cognitive functions or learn behavioral abilities through autonomous interaction may also represent an important step toward realizing functional largescale networks on neuromorphic hardware. Overall ...
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... that could potentially guide their migration. First, as each FBMN migrates, it leaves behind a trailing axon, and these collectively exit the neural tube at r4 to innervate pharyngeal arch II (Chandrasekhar, 2004). The trailing axon laid down by the first FBMN to migrate could serve as a guide for s ...
... that could potentially guide their migration. First, as each FBMN migrates, it leaves behind a trailing axon, and these collectively exit the neural tube at r4 to innervate pharyngeal arch II (Chandrasekhar, 2004). The trailing axon laid down by the first FBMN to migrate could serve as a guide for s ...
The basis of the stress reaction
... affecting multiple systems, the respective targets are shown. Similarly, if the stressor impact is not by only one mode of action (but mainly), the other modes of action (minor) are also shown. It can be deduced from the figure that there is no stressor effecting the organism by unique way. ...
... affecting multiple systems, the respective targets are shown. Similarly, if the stressor impact is not by only one mode of action (but mainly), the other modes of action (minor) are also shown. It can be deduced from the figure that there is no stressor effecting the organism by unique way. ...
Matching tutor to student: rules and mechanisms for
... We considered a model for information transfer that is composed of three sub-circuits: a conductor, a student, and a tutor (see Fig. 1B). The conductor provides input to the student in the form of temporally precise patterns. The goal of learning is for the student to convert this input to a predefi ...
... We considered a model for information transfer that is composed of three sub-circuits: a conductor, a student, and a tutor (see Fig. 1B). The conductor provides input to the student in the form of temporally precise patterns. The goal of learning is for the student to convert this input to a predefi ...
Evolving Robots Able to Visually Discriminate Between - laral
... This can be illustrated by analyzing the behavior of the individual shown in Fig. 5 that represents the typical strategy adopted by evolved individuals. The robot rotates clockwise on the spot until it starts to perceive one of the two objects with the camera (in this case, the robot happens to face ...
... This can be illustrated by analyzing the behavior of the individual shown in Fig. 5 that represents the typical strategy adopted by evolved individuals. The robot rotates clockwise on the spot until it starts to perceive one of the two objects with the camera (in this case, the robot happens to face ...
Presentation - Neuropathology
... ▪Degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes often in association with abnormal tau deposits; usually clinically characterized by frontotemporal dementia, but, in specific subtypes, other neurologic signs (apraxia, gaze palsies, etc.) are seen and sometimes parkinsonism and motor neuron disease s ...
... ▪Degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes often in association with abnormal tau deposits; usually clinically characterized by frontotemporal dementia, but, in specific subtypes, other neurologic signs (apraxia, gaze palsies, etc.) are seen and sometimes parkinsonism and motor neuron disease s ...
View/Open
... (3) Nerve tissue obeys the "all or none" rule which means that if a stimulation is sufficient to produce any response, that response will be the maximum possible. (4) A repeated sub-minimal stimulus will result in a disturbance of nervous tension and eventually a response will result. This is ...
... (3) Nerve tissue obeys the "all or none" rule which means that if a stimulation is sufficient to produce any response, that response will be the maximum possible. (4) A repeated sub-minimal stimulus will result in a disturbance of nervous tension and eventually a response will result. This is ...
Two Phylogenetic Specializations in the Human Brain
... The spindle cells may serve to augment and relay the error-correcting information to other parts of the brain. The spindle cells are located in layer 5, which typically relays the output of cortical processing to other cortical areas and subcortical structures. The axons of the spindle cells are kno ...
... The spindle cells may serve to augment and relay the error-correcting information to other parts of the brain. The spindle cells are located in layer 5, which typically relays the output of cortical processing to other cortical areas and subcortical structures. The axons of the spindle cells are kno ...
Search Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School The
... Is Epilepsy an Astrocytic Disorder? No universally accepted hypothesis has yet been offered that explains the varieties of rhythmic and synchronous neuronal firing that define epileptic seizures. Many investigators have suggested, however, that astroglia play a significant role in epilepsy (26, 27, ...
... Is Epilepsy an Astrocytic Disorder? No universally accepted hypothesis has yet been offered that explains the varieties of rhythmic and synchronous neuronal firing that define epileptic seizures. Many investigators have suggested, however, that astroglia play a significant role in epilepsy (26, 27, ...
Citation As Published Publisher Version Accessed
... Margoliash, 1996, Leonardo and Fee, 2005). This sequence of bursts then converges to drive a sequential pattern of activity in downstream motor neurons and muscles (Vicario and Nottebohm, 1988, Fee et al., 2004). A major input to RA comes from the premotor cortical nucleus HVC (used as a proper name ...
... Margoliash, 1996, Leonardo and Fee, 2005). This sequence of bursts then converges to drive a sequential pattern of activity in downstream motor neurons and muscles (Vicario and Nottebohm, 1988, Fee et al., 2004). A major input to RA comes from the premotor cortical nucleus HVC (used as a proper name ...
Differential innervation of superficial versus deep - HAL
... et al., 1974), triggers a concomitant release of 5-HT at the spinal level (Bourgoin et al., 1980; Rivot et al., 1982; Hentall et al., 2006). The causal relationship between spinal 5-HT release and antinociception was clearly demonstrated in studies showing that the antinociceptive effect of RMg elec ...
... et al., 1974), triggers a concomitant release of 5-HT at the spinal level (Bourgoin et al., 1980; Rivot et al., 1982; Hentall et al., 2006). The causal relationship between spinal 5-HT release and antinociception was clearly demonstrated in studies showing that the antinociceptive effect of RMg elec ...
Hasselmo M.E. (2007) Arc length coding by interference of
... versus the other (left versus right). Figure 2A shows examples of two of these neurons (Cell r3-d4tt6-cl1 and Cell r2-d1-tt2-cl4 from Figure 1 in the article by Lee et al., 2006). The firing rate of the neuron in the stem is shown next to each trace. The simulation presented here effectively replica ...
... versus the other (left versus right). Figure 2A shows examples of two of these neurons (Cell r3-d4tt6-cl1 and Cell r2-d1-tt2-cl4 from Figure 1 in the article by Lee et al., 2006). The firing rate of the neuron in the stem is shown next to each trace. The simulation presented here effectively replica ...
Glia-Derived D-Serine Controls NMDA Receptor Activity and
... acid D-serine (Mothet et al., 2000), which serves as a ligand at the strychnine-insensitive glycine site of NMDA receptors (NMDARs; Johnson and Ascher, 1987). D-serine is synthesized in astrocytes (Stevens et al., 2003; Wolosker et al., 1999) and is released by glutamate receptor stimulation through ...
... acid D-serine (Mothet et al., 2000), which serves as a ligand at the strychnine-insensitive glycine site of NMDA receptors (NMDARs; Johnson and Ascher, 1987). D-serine is synthesized in astrocytes (Stevens et al., 2003; Wolosker et al., 1999) and is released by glutamate receptor stimulation through ...
Structure-function relationship in hierarchical model of brain networks
... were examined. However, neural networks display several levels of topological organization that are not well-accounted for by such typical network models [105]. In addition, the oscillatory dynamics of neurons cannot be sufficiently described by low-dimensional oscillators, and synchronization behav ...
... were examined. However, neural networks display several levels of topological organization that are not well-accounted for by such typical network models [105]. In addition, the oscillatory dynamics of neurons cannot be sufficiently described by low-dimensional oscillators, and synchronization behav ...
A Comparison of Neural Spike Classification Techniques.
... of the squared difference between an individual spike and the four templates. The template that results in the smallest value serves as the class of the individual spike. The second spike classification technique is the method of principal components [ 1 ] . T h e P C a r e t h e orthonormal basis v ...
... of the squared difference between an individual spike and the four templates. The template that results in the smallest value serves as the class of the individual spike. The second spike classification technique is the method of principal components [ 1 ] . T h e P C a r e t h e orthonormal basis v ...
Very short-term plasticity in hippocampal synapses
... Lateral inhibition, however, seems inadequate to explain the magnitude of depression observed in Fig. 1; the PPR at 5 msec measured as a fraction of peak PPR is 0.45. Because the average release probability of synapses is about 0.2 (11, 14), most synapses (;80%) would fail to release a quantum of ne ...
... Lateral inhibition, however, seems inadequate to explain the magnitude of depression observed in Fig. 1; the PPR at 5 msec measured as a fraction of peak PPR is 0.45. Because the average release probability of synapses is about 0.2 (11, 14), most synapses (;80%) would fail to release a quantum of ne ...
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... the paired tone. In the third part of the dissertation I explored induction of experiencedependent plasticity using modulation of attentional mechanisms. It has been previously demonstrated that paying attention to a tone for a tone discrimination task stimulates the nucleus basalis to release corti ...
... the paired tone. In the third part of the dissertation I explored induction of experiencedependent plasticity using modulation of attentional mechanisms. It has been previously demonstrated that paying attention to a tone for a tone discrimination task stimulates the nucleus basalis to release corti ...
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... similar to that in the goldfish. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) were highly voltage-dependent; their decay time constant was increased by depolarizations. The presynaptic neurons which are numerous could be identified by their passive hyperpolarizing potential (PHP) produced by the M-spi ...
... similar to that in the goldfish. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) were highly voltage-dependent; their decay time constant was increased by depolarizations. The presynaptic neurons which are numerous could be identified by their passive hyperpolarizing potential (PHP) produced by the M-spi ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.