Wirth et al., 2009, Neuron
... learning of novel object-place-response associations. Recordings were made throughout the full anterior-posterior extent of the hippocampus, and based on MRI reconstructions, they appeared to include neurons from all hippocampal subdivisions (Figure 1D). We did not attempt to select cells based on t ...
... learning of novel object-place-response associations. Recordings were made throughout the full anterior-posterior extent of the hippocampus, and based on MRI reconstructions, they appeared to include neurons from all hippocampal subdivisions (Figure 1D). We did not attempt to select cells based on t ...
neurology_lec13_9_5_2011 - Post-it
... LGB ……> optic radiation ……> primary visual cortex ~ primary visual cortex ( area 17 ) found above and below calcarine sulcus – y shaped sulcus at medial aspect of cortex – ~ Association area ( 18 ,19 ) explains and makes memories about what you see . ** binuclear vision …> by 2 eyes *** what you see ...
... LGB ……> optic radiation ……> primary visual cortex ~ primary visual cortex ( area 17 ) found above and below calcarine sulcus – y shaped sulcus at medial aspect of cortex – ~ Association area ( 18 ,19 ) explains and makes memories about what you see . ** binuclear vision …> by 2 eyes *** what you see ...
Synapse
... the DRN, anterior landmarks included the oculomotor nucleus and central gray, and posterior landmarks included the cerebellar lobules, nucleus trapezoid body, and pyramidal tract. Light-microscopy processing of gross TH and 5-HT immunoreactivity was assessed by counting the number of positive perika ...
... the DRN, anterior landmarks included the oculomotor nucleus and central gray, and posterior landmarks included the cerebellar lobules, nucleus trapezoid body, and pyramidal tract. Light-microscopy processing of gross TH and 5-HT immunoreactivity was assessed by counting the number of positive perika ...
Connections underlying the synthesis of cognition,
... regard to the origin of visual information they receive. To illustrate these differences, below we consider the topography and nature of visual input directed to two areas of the prefrontal cortex, namely a dorsolateral area (the frontal eye field [FEF] within area 8), and the caudal orbitofrontal r ...
... regard to the origin of visual information they receive. To illustrate these differences, below we consider the topography and nature of visual input directed to two areas of the prefrontal cortex, namely a dorsolateral area (the frontal eye field [FEF] within area 8), and the caudal orbitofrontal r ...
D:spinal motor neurons Kuwada.wpd
... motor neuron. Since the amplitude of extracellularly recorded action potentials is directly related to the diameter of the axon, and axon diameter is directly related to the size of the soma, these results indicate that motoneurons are systematically recruited according to their size. Thus this recr ...
... motor neuron. Since the amplitude of extracellularly recorded action potentials is directly related to the diameter of the axon, and axon diameter is directly related to the size of the soma, these results indicate that motoneurons are systematically recruited according to their size. Thus this recr ...
elaboration, remodeling and spatial organization of
... The Drosophila olfactory system has gradually become a convenient model system for studying many interesting neurological phenomena, such as odor coding (reviewed by Warr et al., 2001) and conditioned learning (reviewed by Waddell and Quinn, 2001). Formation of olfactory associative memory involves ...
... The Drosophila olfactory system has gradually become a convenient model system for studying many interesting neurological phenomena, such as odor coding (reviewed by Warr et al., 2001) and conditioned learning (reviewed by Waddell and Quinn, 2001). Formation of olfactory associative memory involves ...
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... neurons even from caudal regions of the SVZ (at the level of the posterior hippocampus) migrate 5–8 mm rostrally to reach the olfactory bulb where they differentiate into inhibitory interneurons. This was shown by transplantation of genetically labeled SVZ tissue and by focal labeling of endogenous ...
... neurons even from caudal regions of the SVZ (at the level of the posterior hippocampus) migrate 5–8 mm rostrally to reach the olfactory bulb where they differentiate into inhibitory interneurons. This was shown by transplantation of genetically labeled SVZ tissue and by focal labeling of endogenous ...
in search of memory traces
... 1990). Recordings from the relevant motor nuclei, particularly the sixth, accessory sixth, and seventh, showed essentially identical patterns of learning-induced increases in neuronal activity. It is important to stress the fact that the pathways mediating the reflex eyeblink are in the brain stem a ...
... 1990). Recordings from the relevant motor nuclei, particularly the sixth, accessory sixth, and seventh, showed essentially identical patterns of learning-induced increases in neuronal activity. It is important to stress the fact that the pathways mediating the reflex eyeblink are in the brain stem a ...
The Third Generation of Neural Networks
... network for all problems. For several years, this was the suggested advice. However, just because a single layer network can, in theory, learn anything, the universal approximation theorem does not say anything about how easy it will be to learn. Additional hidden layers make problems easier to lea ...
... network for all problems. For several years, this was the suggested advice. However, just because a single layer network can, in theory, learn anything, the universal approximation theorem does not say anything about how easy it will be to learn. Additional hidden layers make problems easier to lea ...
How microglia kill neurons
... and NMDA receptors, suggesting that neuronal death was indirect via glial activation (Chao et al., 1995). In contrast to other pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNFα is also a death ligand for TNFα receptors that can induce either (i) apoptosis via activation of caspase-8, or (ii) necroptosis if RIP1, RIP3 ...
... and NMDA receptors, suggesting that neuronal death was indirect via glial activation (Chao et al., 1995). In contrast to other pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNFα is also a death ligand for TNFα receptors that can induce either (i) apoptosis via activation of caspase-8, or (ii) necroptosis if RIP1, RIP3 ...
A computational model of action selection in the basal ganglia. I. A
... using the terms `down state' and `up state', respectively, for these two modes of operation (Wilson 1995). The anatomical context of the basal ganglia is shown in Fig. 1b. Its principle input nuclei (striatum and STN) receive aerents from virtually the entire cerebral cortex, from the mid-line and ...
... using the terms `down state' and `up state', respectively, for these two modes of operation (Wilson 1995). The anatomical context of the basal ganglia is shown in Fig. 1b. Its principle input nuclei (striatum and STN) receive aerents from virtually the entire cerebral cortex, from the mid-line and ...
![[10] P. Paul, J de Belleroche, The role of D-amino acids in](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/022394228_1-c70b74890df8cd7f8a841431fb6562f6-300x300.png)
[10] P. Paul, J de Belleroche, The role of D-amino acids in
... What are the unique properties of human motor neurones that underlie their selective ...
... What are the unique properties of human motor neurones that underlie their selective ...
Somatodendritic dopamine release - Philosophical Transactions of
... (caudate putamen), and DA neurons in the adjacent ventral tegmental area project to the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) and prefrontal cortex. In addition to classical vesicular release from axons, midbrain DA neurons exhibit DA release from their cell bodies and dendrites. Somatodendritic DA r ...
... (caudate putamen), and DA neurons in the adjacent ventral tegmental area project to the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) and prefrontal cortex. In addition to classical vesicular release from axons, midbrain DA neurons exhibit DA release from their cell bodies and dendrites. Somatodendritic DA r ...
The affective and cognitive processing of touch, oral texture, and
... mainly from functional neuroimaging with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This evidence is complemented by fMRI and single neuron studies that show how another set of somatosensory and temperature inputs, from the oral cavity, provides information about the texture and temperature of st ...
... mainly from functional neuroimaging with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This evidence is complemented by fMRI and single neuron studies that show how another set of somatosensory and temperature inputs, from the oral cavity, provides information about the texture and temperature of st ...
uncorrected proof - Università degli Studi di Parma
... latti et al., 1996, 2001), by means of embodied simulation, a specific mechanism through which the brain/body system models its interactions with the world (Gallese, 2001, 2003a,b, 2005a,b, 2006). The discovery of mirror neurons has changed our views on the relations among action perception and cogn ...
... latti et al., 1996, 2001), by means of embodied simulation, a specific mechanism through which the brain/body system models its interactions with the world (Gallese, 2001, 2003a,b, 2005a,b, 2006). The discovery of mirror neurons has changed our views on the relations among action perception and cogn ...
Dopamine neurons projecting to the posterior striatum form an
... brain, just ~30,000 dopamine neurons reside in these nuclei (Zaborszky and Vadasz, 2001). As with other monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain such as serotonin and noradrenaline, this small population of midbrain dopamine neurons exerts its influence over much of the brain as a neuromodulator. Ho ...
... brain, just ~30,000 dopamine neurons reside in these nuclei (Zaborszky and Vadasz, 2001). As with other monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain such as serotonin and noradrenaline, this small population of midbrain dopamine neurons exerts its influence over much of the brain as a neuromodulator. Ho ...
SAD Kinases Sculpt Axonal Arbors of Sensory Neurons through
... protein levels. Second, short-duration NT-3/TrkC signals transiently activate SADs by inducing dephosphorylation of C-terminal domains, thereby allowing activating phosphorylation of the kinase domain. We propose that SAD kinases integrate long- and short-duration signals from extrinsic cues to scul ...
... protein levels. Second, short-duration NT-3/TrkC signals transiently activate SADs by inducing dephosphorylation of C-terminal domains, thereby allowing activating phosphorylation of the kinase domain. We propose that SAD kinases integrate long- and short-duration signals from extrinsic cues to scul ...
LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT
... – Cell body: central part of nerve cell; contains nucleus or cell’s control center – Dendrites: small branches extending from cell; receive messages from other neurons ...
... – Cell body: central part of nerve cell; contains nucleus or cell’s control center – Dendrites: small branches extending from cell; receive messages from other neurons ...
Biological Foundations of Behavior
... – Cell body: central part of nerve cell; contains nucleus or cell’s control center – Dendrites: small branches extending from cell; receive messages from other neurons ...
... – Cell body: central part of nerve cell; contains nucleus or cell’s control center – Dendrites: small branches extending from cell; receive messages from other neurons ...
final scientific program
... These methodological advances have expanded our knowledge of brain functioning beyond the single neuron level. At the same time, our understanding of how neuronal ensembles carry information has allowed the development of brain-machine interfaces (BMI) to enhance the capabilities of patients with se ...
... These methodological advances have expanded our knowledge of brain functioning beyond the single neuron level. At the same time, our understanding of how neuronal ensembles carry information has allowed the development of brain-machine interfaces (BMI) to enhance the capabilities of patients with se ...
Visual Response Properties of Neurons in Four Extrastriate Visual
... these were excluded from the data analyses reported here. Assignment of units to extrastriate areas was based solely on receptive-field progressions and/or histological reconstructions, and all units that could be classified were included in the data analyses. The visual responses of extrastriate un ...
... these were excluded from the data analyses reported here. Assignment of units to extrastriate areas was based solely on receptive-field progressions and/or histological reconstructions, and all units that could be classified were included in the data analyses. The visual responses of extrastriate un ...
T2 - Center for Neural Basis of Cognition
... Remapping in humans produces activity in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the stimulus. Remapped activity is present in human parietal, extrastriate and striate cortex. Remapped visual signals are more prevalent at higher levels of the visual system hierarchy. Remapping occurs in parietal and visual co ...
... Remapping in humans produces activity in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the stimulus. Remapped activity is present in human parietal, extrastriate and striate cortex. Remapped visual signals are more prevalent at higher levels of the visual system hierarchy. Remapping occurs in parietal and visual co ...
Massively Parallel Recording of Unit and Local Field
... Figure 3 illustrates recordings with the 64-site probe (staggered recording sites; Fig. 1B2) from deep layers of the somatosensory cortex of the urethan-anesthetized rat. The alternation of active and silent periods at ⬃0.5 Hz reflects slow oscillations characteristic of the anesthetized brain (Fig. ...
... Figure 3 illustrates recordings with the 64-site probe (staggered recording sites; Fig. 1B2) from deep layers of the somatosensory cortex of the urethan-anesthetized rat. The alternation of active and silent periods at ⬃0.5 Hz reflects slow oscillations characteristic of the anesthetized brain (Fig. ...
Autonomic NS
... • White rami communicantes: structures containing sympathetic preganglionic axons that connect the anterior ramus of the spinal nerve with the ganglia of the sympathetic ...
... • White rami communicantes: structures containing sympathetic preganglionic axons that connect the anterior ramus of the spinal nerve with the ganglia of the sympathetic ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.