Saccades and multisaccadic gaze shifts are gated by different
... are thus likely to drive not only neck but also ocular motoneurons. The resulting eye movements should be of low velocity if it is assumed that the saccadic generator is totally or partially bypassed. Relationships of TRSNs and orienting-related RSNs with neurons of the saccadic generator are not ye ...
... are thus likely to drive not only neck but also ocular motoneurons. The resulting eye movements should be of low velocity if it is assumed that the saccadic generator is totally or partially bypassed. Relationships of TRSNs and orienting-related RSNs with neurons of the saccadic generator are not ye ...
Axonal Dopamine Receptors Activate Peripheral Spike
... Dopamine elicited tonic “extraburst” spiking in PD neurons and increased the cycle frequency of the pyloric rhythm In H. americanus, when the modulatory input from the CoGs and the OG to the STG is removed by blocking impulse activity in the stn, the AB and the two PD neurons continue to cycle at a ...
... Dopamine elicited tonic “extraburst” spiking in PD neurons and increased the cycle frequency of the pyloric rhythm In H. americanus, when the modulatory input from the CoGs and the OG to the STG is removed by blocking impulse activity in the stn, the AB and the two PD neurons continue to cycle at a ...
Fixing Functionalism
... This paper will argue that the traditional construal of functionalism is too complex to be a workable scientific theory of consciousness, and introduce an alternative, simpler theory in its place. The argument begins by introducing the notion of a constructor, which is intended to describe just how ...
... This paper will argue that the traditional construal of functionalism is too complex to be a workable scientific theory of consciousness, and introduce an alternative, simpler theory in its place. The argument begins by introducing the notion of a constructor, which is intended to describe just how ...
Natural Stimulation of the Nonclassical Receptive Field Increases
... single stimulus frame. Equation 2 rescales the activity fraction so that it conveniently ranges from 0 to 1. S will be 0 if a neuron is completely nonselective and 1 if it responds only to a single stimulus. For convenience, we express S as a percentage. In a previous publication, the selectivity in ...
... single stimulus frame. Equation 2 rescales the activity fraction so that it conveniently ranges from 0 to 1. S will be 0 if a neuron is completely nonselective and 1 if it responds only to a single stimulus. For convenience, we express S as a percentage. In a previous publication, the selectivity in ...
Physiological Psychology - II Sem
... acetylcholine at a synaptic contact between a motor neuron and a muscle cell induces rapid contraction of the muscle cell. The entire synaptic transmission process takes only a fraction of a millisecond, although the effects on the postsynaptic cell may last much longer (even indefinitely, in cases ...
... acetylcholine at a synaptic contact between a motor neuron and a muscle cell induces rapid contraction of the muscle cell. The entire synaptic transmission process takes only a fraction of a millisecond, although the effects on the postsynaptic cell may last much longer (even indefinitely, in cases ...
3 Behavioral Neuroscience - McGraw Hill Higher Education
... studies how heredity affects behavior. Research in behavioral genetics has found evidence of a hereditary basis for characteristics as diverse as divorce (Jocklin, McGue, & Lykken, 1996), empathy (Plomin, 1994), and intelligence (Petrill & Wilkerson, 2000). To appreciate behavioral genetics, it help ...
... studies how heredity affects behavior. Research in behavioral genetics has found evidence of a hereditary basis for characteristics as diverse as divorce (Jocklin, McGue, & Lykken, 1996), empathy (Plomin, 1994), and intelligence (Petrill & Wilkerson, 2000). To appreciate behavioral genetics, it help ...
Identified nerve cells and insect behavior
... an age difference, the anatomical plasticity is not related in any simple way to age, but rather to the different roles of the individuals in the hive. That individual experience is important to the configuration of this part of the insect brain is consistent with studies on Drosophila indicating th ...
... an age difference, the anatomical plasticity is not related in any simple way to age, but rather to the different roles of the individuals in the hive. That individual experience is important to the configuration of this part of the insect brain is consistent with studies on Drosophila indicating th ...
Perception of three-dimensional structure from motion
... of this reconstruction stage assigns depth values across the surface through the use of motion gradient information. This 3-D surface computation may operate within MT, or may utilize the cells in MST which have been previously shown to be selective to various gradients and patterns of motion26–30. ...
... of this reconstruction stage assigns depth values across the surface through the use of motion gradient information. This 3-D surface computation may operate within MT, or may utilize the cells in MST which have been previously shown to be selective to various gradients and patterns of motion26–30. ...
The emergence of a shared action ontology: Building blocks for a
... the monkey saw and heard, or just saw, or just heard the same actions performed by another individual. The results showed that a consistent percentage of the tested mirror neurons fired when the monkey executed the action, just observed or just heard the same action performed by another agent (see Ko ...
... the monkey saw and heard, or just saw, or just heard the same actions performed by another individual. The results showed that a consistent percentage of the tested mirror neurons fired when the monkey executed the action, just observed or just heard the same action performed by another agent (see Ko ...
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Learning and Memory
... motor neurons. In an even more reduced preparation, analogs of conditioning have been studied in cell culture, where treatment with serotonin substitutes for the tail shock US and spike activity in sensory neurons substitutes for the siphon stimulation CS (21). Both the reduced preparation and cellc ...
... motor neurons. In an even more reduced preparation, analogs of conditioning have been studied in cell culture, where treatment with serotonin substitutes for the tail shock US and spike activity in sensory neurons substitutes for the siphon stimulation CS (21). Both the reduced preparation and cellc ...
Central circuitries for body temperature regulation and fever
... to transmit thermal information detected by TRPV3 in keratinocytes to sensory nerves (85). Although mice lacking TRPV3 exhibit strong deficits in behavioral responses to innocuous and noxious heat (91), their phenotypes related to thermoregulation have not been reported. TRPV4-deficient mice show al ...
... to transmit thermal information detected by TRPV3 in keratinocytes to sensory nerves (85). Although mice lacking TRPV3 exhibit strong deficits in behavioral responses to innocuous and noxious heat (91), their phenotypes related to thermoregulation have not been reported. TRPV4-deficient mice show al ...
neurons that transmit messages from sensory receptors
... to ready a neuron for firing by creating an internal negative charge in relation to the body fluid outside the cell membrane ...
... to ready a neuron for firing by creating an internal negative charge in relation to the body fluid outside the cell membrane ...
November 2000 Volume 3 Number Supp pp 1205
... Llinas and others, we largely understand the synaptic organization and physiology of the cerebellum8-11. Similarly, analysis of cerebellardependent forms of learning such as Pavlovian eyelid conditioning and adaptation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex has revealed the types of information carried by c ...
... Llinas and others, we largely understand the synaptic organization and physiology of the cerebellum8-11. Similarly, analysis of cerebellardependent forms of learning such as Pavlovian eyelid conditioning and adaptation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex has revealed the types of information carried by c ...
Central circuitries for body temperature regulation and fever
... which are then sensed by the thermoregulatory center. The information on peripheral and central temperatures, immune signals, and other homeostatic parameters (e.g., osmolarity in tissue fluid) that is delivered to the thermoregulatory center is integrated and then, the center provides command signa ...
... which are then sensed by the thermoregulatory center. The information on peripheral and central temperatures, immune signals, and other homeostatic parameters (e.g., osmolarity in tissue fluid) that is delivered to the thermoregulatory center is integrated and then, the center provides command signa ...
Saccade Target Selection in the Superior - Smith
... McPeek, Robert M., and Edward L. Keller. Saccade target selection in the superior colliculus during a visual search task. J Neurophysiol 88: 2019 –2034, 2002; 10.1152/jn.00181.2002. Because realworld scenes typically contain many different potential objects of interest, selecting one goal from many ...
... McPeek, Robert M., and Edward L. Keller. Saccade target selection in the superior colliculus during a visual search task. J Neurophysiol 88: 2019 –2034, 2002; 10.1152/jn.00181.2002. Because realworld scenes typically contain many different potential objects of interest, selecting one goal from many ...
Thalamocortidal Axons Extend Along a Chondroitin Sulfate
... lE, 2A). In the late preplate stage, the cell bodies of many preplate neurons have become elongated and more polarized. They have dendrites that extend laterally or toward the pial surface and an axon that arises near the lower end of the cell body and extends into the forming intermediate zone (Fig ...
... lE, 2A). In the late preplate stage, the cell bodies of many preplate neurons have become elongated and more polarized. They have dendrites that extend laterally or toward the pial surface and an axon that arises near the lower end of the cell body and extends into the forming intermediate zone (Fig ...
Efficient coding and the neural representation of value
... and the learning rate (a model parameter that adjusts the strength with which unexpected rewards update the estimates of future expected rewards). Examination of the primate electrophysiological results in the context of reinforcement learning suggested that dopaminergic responses display the fundam ...
... and the learning rate (a model parameter that adjusts the strength with which unexpected rewards update the estimates of future expected rewards). Examination of the primate electrophysiological results in the context of reinforcement learning suggested that dopaminergic responses display the fundam ...
PDF - Molecular Brain
... exhibit a sequence of severe neurological sequelae, including choreoathetosis, gaze paresis, hearing loss, and, more rarely, developmental delays [3]. All of these pathological conditions present an important threat to infant health and place significant burdens on neonates. The mechanisms underlyin ...
... exhibit a sequence of severe neurological sequelae, including choreoathetosis, gaze paresis, hearing loss, and, more rarely, developmental delays [3]. All of these pathological conditions present an important threat to infant health and place significant burdens on neonates. The mechanisms underlyin ...
Anatomical and Neurochemical Definition of the Nucleus of the Stria
... The septopreoptic-hypothalamic area of male quail contains several discrete clusters of VT-ir structures (cells and fibers). In agreement with previous observations on quail (Viglietti-Panzica, 1986; Panzica et al., 1992a, 1996a; Viglietti-Panzica et al., 1992, 1994; Aste et al., 1997), VT-ir fibers ...
... The septopreoptic-hypothalamic area of male quail contains several discrete clusters of VT-ir structures (cells and fibers). In agreement with previous observations on quail (Viglietti-Panzica, 1986; Panzica et al., 1992a, 1996a; Viglietti-Panzica et al., 1992, 1994; Aste et al., 1997), VT-ir fibers ...
Anatomy of the Cerebellum
... telencephalon, in particular with the cereberal cortex. Telencephalic projections from the cortex and basal ganglia (through the subthalamic nucleus, STN) and limbic areas are relayed to the cerebellum through the anterior pontine nuclei (APN). The cerebellum in turn sends its output through the dee ...
... telencephalon, in particular with the cereberal cortex. Telencephalic projections from the cortex and basal ganglia (through the subthalamic nucleus, STN) and limbic areas are relayed to the cerebellum through the anterior pontine nuclei (APN). The cerebellum in turn sends its output through the dee ...
PDF
... of the beginning of the reach. (b) The median bias of the trajectory over time. A bias of 1 signifies that the direction of the trajectory is toward the expected target direction, while a bias o ...
... of the beginning of the reach. (b) The median bias of the trajectory over time. A bias of 1 signifies that the direction of the trajectory is toward the expected target direction, while a bias o ...
Somatosensory system
... Muscle Spindles and the Stretch Reflex The knee jerk is the popularly known stretch reflex (involuntary kick of the lower leg) induced by a physician tapping the knee with a rubber-headed hammer. The hammer strikes a tendon that inserts an extensor muscle in the front of the thigh into the lower leg ...
... Muscle Spindles and the Stretch Reflex The knee jerk is the popularly known stretch reflex (involuntary kick of the lower leg) induced by a physician tapping the knee with a rubber-headed hammer. The hammer strikes a tendon that inserts an extensor muscle in the front of the thigh into the lower leg ...
Neural Correlates of Perceived Brightness in the Retina, Lateral
... (Rossi et al., 1996). Here we will briefly review the key elements of the cortical results and provide additional analysis and comparison with recordings from the LGN and optic tract. Many cortical neurons were found to respond only in stimulus conditions that produced perceptual changes in brightne ...
... (Rossi et al., 1996). Here we will briefly review the key elements of the cortical results and provide additional analysis and comparison with recordings from the LGN and optic tract. Many cortical neurons were found to respond only in stimulus conditions that produced perceptual changes in brightne ...
Chapter 16 - MBFys Home Page
... hemicord. This arrangement ensures that groups of axial muscles on both sides of the body act in concert to maintain and adjust posture. In contrast, local circuit neurons in the lateral region of the intermediate zone have shorter axons that typically extend fewer than five segments and are predomi ...
... hemicord. This arrangement ensures that groups of axial muscles on both sides of the body act in concert to maintain and adjust posture. In contrast, local circuit neurons in the lateral region of the intermediate zone have shorter axons that typically extend fewer than five segments and are predomi ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.