The beginning of connectomics: a commentary on White
... were similarly exploring a number of possibilities [3]. However, Brenner was uniquely guided by an important insight: not only would it be necessary to select an animal with accessible genetics and some amount of interesting behaviour, it would also be necessary to find one whose nervous system coul ...
... were similarly exploring a number of possibilities [3]. However, Brenner was uniquely guided by an important insight: not only would it be necessary to select an animal with accessible genetics and some amount of interesting behaviour, it would also be necessary to find one whose nervous system coul ...
The mouse C9ORF72 ortholog is enriched in neurons known to
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Chapter 3
... Ca+ 2 channels open Ca+2 flows inward triggering release of neurotransmitter Neurotransmitter crosses synaptic cleft & binding to ligand-gated receptors ...
... Ca+ 2 channels open Ca+2 flows inward triggering release of neurotransmitter Neurotransmitter crosses synaptic cleft & binding to ligand-gated receptors ...
Abstract
... the axons were partially misrouted ventrally in the ventral telencephalon just after crossing the diencephalon-telen cephalon border. In sprawl and baffled mutants, the axons were overfasciculated and disorganized in the internal capsule, and they also stalled at the corticostriatal boundary. In bu ...
... the axons were partially misrouted ventrally in the ventral telencephalon just after crossing the diencephalon-telen cephalon border. In sprawl and baffled mutants, the axons were overfasciculated and disorganized in the internal capsule, and they also stalled at the corticostriatal boundary. In bu ...
Functional Organization of Ferret Auditory Cortex
... latencies than those in A1. On the basis of differences in frequency selectivity, temporal response properties and thresholds, we identified four more, previously undescribed fields. Two of these are located on the posterior ectosylvian gyrus and were tonotopically organized. Neurons in these areas ...
... latencies than those in A1. On the basis of differences in frequency selectivity, temporal response properties and thresholds, we identified four more, previously undescribed fields. Two of these are located on the posterior ectosylvian gyrus and were tonotopically organized. Neurons in these areas ...
High baseline activity in inferior temporal cortex
... et al., 2006; Liu et al., 2011). fMRI studies have reported that the baseline activity accounts for the trial-to-trial variability in the brain evoked responses (Fox et al., 2006; Becker et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2011). There is also evidence from EEG and modeling studies that the pre-stimulus oscil ...
... et al., 2006; Liu et al., 2011). fMRI studies have reported that the baseline activity accounts for the trial-to-trial variability in the brain evoked responses (Fox et al., 2006; Becker et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2011). There is also evidence from EEG and modeling studies that the pre-stimulus oscil ...
Disc1Point Mutations in Mice Affect Development of the Cerebral
... correction for multiple testing. To further confirm significance, Student’s two-tailed t test was performed in comparing two sets of data. Data are expressed as mean ⫾ SEM. A significance level of p ⬍ 0.05 was used for all analyses. Figure 2. Decreased neuronal progenitor proliferation in Disc1 muta ...
... correction for multiple testing. To further confirm significance, Student’s two-tailed t test was performed in comparing two sets of data. Data are expressed as mean ⫾ SEM. A significance level of p ⬍ 0.05 was used for all analyses. Figure 2. Decreased neuronal progenitor proliferation in Disc1 muta ...
Human Brain Networks: Spiking Neuron Models
... an electrochemical potential gradient between the inside of the cell and the surrounding milieu. Neurons have the capacity of excitability. If stimulated beyond a threshold, then the neuron will “fire” and produce a large voltage spike (the action potential) before returning to the resting potential ...
... an electrochemical potential gradient between the inside of the cell and the surrounding milieu. Neurons have the capacity of excitability. If stimulated beyond a threshold, then the neuron will “fire” and produce a large voltage spike (the action potential) before returning to the resting potential ...
Espasticidad,!!nuevos!conceptos!fisiológicos!y!patofisiológicos
... know) the) neurotransmitters) involved) in) this) system,) as) an) im0 paired) neurochemistry) may) lead) to) functional) disorders) at) any) level.) Histochemical) techniques) have) been) used) since) the) 40’s) to)60’s)to)identify)the)substances)involved)in)the)transmission)of) the)neuronal)signal ...
... know) the) neurotransmitters) involved) in) this) system,) as) an) im0 paired) neurochemistry) may) lead) to) functional) disorders) at) any) level.) Histochemical) techniques) have) been) used) since) the) 40’s) to)60’s)to)identify)the)substances)involved)in)the)transmission)of) the)neuronal)signal ...
CHAPTER 3 Neuroscience and Behavior
... reaches a critical level, the “trigger” is pulled, and an electrical impulse, known as an action potential, travels along the axon of the neuron (see Figure 2). The action potential moves from one end of the axon to the other like a flame moving along a fuse. As the impulse travels along the axon, t ...
... reaches a critical level, the “trigger” is pulled, and an electrical impulse, known as an action potential, travels along the axon of the neuron (see Figure 2). The action potential moves from one end of the axon to the other like a flame moving along a fuse. As the impulse travels along the axon, t ...
p57 regulates radial glia and intermediate precursor
... IPCs contribute to both deep and superficial layers, serving as transit-amplifying populations (Haubensak et al., 2004; Sessa et al., 2008; Kowalczyk et al., 2009). Postmitotic neurons arising from proliferative zones migrate radially through the intermediate zone (IZ) to establish specific cortical ...
... IPCs contribute to both deep and superficial layers, serving as transit-amplifying populations (Haubensak et al., 2004; Sessa et al., 2008; Kowalczyk et al., 2009). Postmitotic neurons arising from proliferative zones migrate radially through the intermediate zone (IZ) to establish specific cortical ...
Evidence for topographically organized endogenous 5‐HT‐1A
... feedback inhibition of the raphe nuclei is topographically organized was examined. This was done by testing the effect of systemic blockade of 5-HT-1A receptors on Fos expression in 5-HT neurons in the dorsal raphe (DR) and median raphe (MR). The premise was that appearance of Fos after 5-HT-1A rece ...
... feedback inhibition of the raphe nuclei is topographically organized was examined. This was done by testing the effect of systemic blockade of 5-HT-1A receptors on Fos expression in 5-HT neurons in the dorsal raphe (DR) and median raphe (MR). The premise was that appearance of Fos after 5-HT-1A rece ...
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... exhibit facilitation to rapidly repeated sounds. Neurons in PAF do not exhibit strong selectivity for rate or direction of narrowband one octave FM sweeps. These results indicate that PAF, like nonprimary visual fields, processes sensory information on larger spectral and longer temporal scales than ...
... exhibit facilitation to rapidly repeated sounds. Neurons in PAF do not exhibit strong selectivity for rate or direction of narrowband one octave FM sweeps. These results indicate that PAF, like nonprimary visual fields, processes sensory information on larger spectral and longer temporal scales than ...
MAY 5, 2000 Submitted to the Annual Review of Neuroscience AN
... signals throughout much of the rest of the brain, affecting not only visual processes, but also other sensory modalities, as well as systems responsible for response execution, memory retrieval, emotional evaluation, etc.. The aggregate effect of these bias signals is to guide the flow of neural act ...
... signals throughout much of the rest of the brain, affecting not only visual processes, but also other sensory modalities, as well as systems responsible for response execution, memory retrieval, emotional evaluation, etc.. The aggregate effect of these bias signals is to guide the flow of neural act ...
Avian brains and a new understanding of
... the subpallial relationships among birds, reptiles and mammals came challenges to the classical view of the relationships among their pallia. The mammalian pallium includes the areas known as palaeocortex, archicortex and neocortex; and has been said, more recently, to include both the claustrum and ...
... the subpallial relationships among birds, reptiles and mammals came challenges to the classical view of the relationships among their pallia. The mammalian pallium includes the areas known as palaeocortex, archicortex and neocortex; and has been said, more recently, to include both the claustrum and ...
Conditioned and unconditioned regulation of human activity
... Regular repeated action of conditional irritant without a reinforcement of it by unconditioned reflex results in gradual easing a conditioned reflex, and so to its disappearance, fading away. Such kind of braking refers as fading away. Thanking to fading away braiking the brain is released from ...
... Regular repeated action of conditional irritant without a reinforcement of it by unconditioned reflex results in gradual easing a conditioned reflex, and so to its disappearance, fading away. Such kind of braking refers as fading away. Thanking to fading away braiking the brain is released from ...
Lin J, 2013 - Tsien lab Website - University of California San Diego
... We used ReaChR expressed in the vibrissa motor cortex to drive spiking and vibrissa motion in awake mice when excited with red light through intact skull. Precise vibrissa movements were evoked by expressing ReaChR in the facial motor nucleus in the brainstem and illumination with red light through ...
... We used ReaChR expressed in the vibrissa motor cortex to drive spiking and vibrissa motion in awake mice when excited with red light through intact skull. Precise vibrissa movements were evoked by expressing ReaChR in the facial motor nucleus in the brainstem and illumination with red light through ...
On the importance of the transient visual response in the superior
... then suppressing baseline activity, even momentarily, can prevent the transient visual response from achieving threshold [13], and once this transient signal clears the system, the threat to orient is removed. Either way, it is the resultant magnitude of the transient visual response that dictates t ...
... then suppressing baseline activity, even momentarily, can prevent the transient visual response from achieving threshold [13], and once this transient signal clears the system, the threat to orient is removed. Either way, it is the resultant magnitude of the transient visual response that dictates t ...
The Diversity of Cortical Interneurons
... classes: glutamatergic excitatory projection neurons (pyramidal cells) and -aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic inhibitory local circuit neurons (interneurons). Henceforth, I will refer to interneurons as GABAergic local circuit neurons. Pyramidal cells specialize in the transfer of information between d ...
... classes: glutamatergic excitatory projection neurons (pyramidal cells) and -aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic inhibitory local circuit neurons (interneurons). Henceforth, I will refer to interneurons as GABAergic local circuit neurons. Pyramidal cells specialize in the transfer of information between d ...
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... “nigrostriatal” dopamine arising from the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) targets the dorsal striatum (Amalric and Koob, 1993). The ventral striatum, at the heart of the limbic corticostriatal loop, is well positioned to support learning of predictive values (as in the Critic). Afferents from s ...
... “nigrostriatal” dopamine arising from the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) targets the dorsal striatum (Amalric and Koob, 1993). The ventral striatum, at the heart of the limbic corticostriatal loop, is well positioned to support learning of predictive values (as in the Critic). Afferents from s ...
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... sensory environment is continuously modified by experience. Changes in spatial (receptive field) and temporal response properties of cortical neurons underlie many forms of natural learning. The scale and direction of these changes appear to be determined by specific features of the behavioral tasks ...
... sensory environment is continuously modified by experience. Changes in spatial (receptive field) and temporal response properties of cortical neurons underlie many forms of natural learning. The scale and direction of these changes appear to be determined by specific features of the behavioral tasks ...
Topography of Modular Subunits in the Mushroom Bodies of the
... Kenyon cells make synaptic connections with dendrites of extrinsic (output) neurons. Previously, we reported that the a lobe of the cockroach MB consists of repetitive modular subunits (Mizunami et al. [1997] Neurosci. Lett. 229:153–156). Each subunit is composed of a dark layer and a light layer, a ...
... Kenyon cells make synaptic connections with dendrites of extrinsic (output) neurons. Previously, we reported that the a lobe of the cockroach MB consists of repetitive modular subunits (Mizunami et al. [1997] Neurosci. Lett. 229:153–156). Each subunit is composed of a dark layer and a light layer, a ...
the electron microscopic localization of
... are invariably closely applied to each other, unless they are separated by interpolated glial tendrils. Trujillo-Cen6z (1962) stressed that mere close apposition of axon surfaces is, however, of too general occurrence within the neuropile to indicate per se synaptic contact, but closer examination o ...
... are invariably closely applied to each other, unless they are separated by interpolated glial tendrils. Trujillo-Cen6z (1962) stressed that mere close apposition of axon surfaces is, however, of too general occurrence within the neuropile to indicate per se synaptic contact, but closer examination o ...
Chapter 36 Locomotion
... important early observation was that passive movement of a limb by the experimenter could initiate stepping movements in spinal cats and dogs, suggesting that proprioceptive reflexes are crucial in regulating the movements. Finally, in 1911 Thomas Graham Brown discovered that rhythmic, alternating c ...
... important early observation was that passive movement of a limb by the experimenter could initiate stepping movements in spinal cats and dogs, suggesting that proprioceptive reflexes are crucial in regulating the movements. Finally, in 1911 Thomas Graham Brown discovered that rhythmic, alternating c ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.