Unique features of the human brainstem and cerebellum
... 2001; Hoover and Strick, 1999; Dum and Strick, 2003; Kelly and Strick, 2003; Akkal et al., 2007). In addition to its contribution to cortical function, the cerebellum also can influence motor control by projections to brainstem structures like the vestibular nuclei that in turn affect movement (Lang ...
... 2001; Hoover and Strick, 1999; Dum and Strick, 2003; Kelly and Strick, 2003; Akkal et al., 2007). In addition to its contribution to cortical function, the cerebellum also can influence motor control by projections to brainstem structures like the vestibular nuclei that in turn affect movement (Lang ...
Neuronal Activity and Ion Homeostasis in the Hypoxic Brain
... These include cerebral energy consumption and metabolism, neuronal membrane voltage dynamics and action potential generation, synaptic functioning, changes in extra- and intracellular concentrations (ions, molecular messengers, pH), glial uptake and blood flow regulation [8]. However, the dynamics o ...
... These include cerebral energy consumption and metabolism, neuronal membrane voltage dynamics and action potential generation, synaptic functioning, changes in extra- and intracellular concentrations (ions, molecular messengers, pH), glial uptake and blood flow regulation [8]. However, the dynamics o ...
Neurodynamical modeling of arbitrary visuomotor tasks
... learning must be considered more carefully. After a short overview of the modeling literature, we present an extensive summary of the work done during the PhD. We conclude the introductory chapter with an outlook and future ideas for further modeling work. After the introduction, we present in four ...
... learning must be considered more carefully. After a short overview of the modeling literature, we present an extensive summary of the work done during the PhD. We conclude the introductory chapter with an outlook and future ideas for further modeling work. After the introduction, we present in four ...
Categories in the Brain - Rice University -
... – Mountcastle, Perceptual Neuroscience, 1998 • Additional properties of columns and functional webs can be derived from Mountcastle’s treatment together with neurolinguistic findings – Method: “connecting the dots” • Hypothesis IV: (Coming Soon!) “[T]he effective unit of operation…is not the single ...
... – Mountcastle, Perceptual Neuroscience, 1998 • Additional properties of columns and functional webs can be derived from Mountcastle’s treatment together with neurolinguistic findings – Method: “connecting the dots” • Hypothesis IV: (Coming Soon!) “[T]he effective unit of operation…is not the single ...
Hippocampus, 22, 1703-1719
... response to afferent stimulation (Madison and Nicoll, 1982, 1984; Haas and Greene, 1984). Learning-dependent AHP plasticity has been repeatedly reported in multiple species following acquisition of several different multitrial tasks. In the earliest example, decreases in peak AHP amplitude of rabbit ...
... response to afferent stimulation (Madison and Nicoll, 1982, 1984; Haas and Greene, 1984). Learning-dependent AHP plasticity has been repeatedly reported in multiple species following acquisition of several different multitrial tasks. In the earliest example, decreases in peak AHP amplitude of rabbit ...
Gustatory Processing in Drosophila Higher Brain Centers By
... was not identified until much later. This gene is preferentially expressed in the dorsal paired medial (DPM) neurons (Waddell et al., 2000), which have been shown to play an important role in memory consolidation. These genetic studies, and many others like them, have produced profound insights into ...
... was not identified until much later. This gene is preferentially expressed in the dorsal paired medial (DPM) neurons (Waddell et al., 2000), which have been shown to play an important role in memory consolidation. These genetic studies, and many others like them, have produced profound insights into ...
Answer on Question#47890 - Biology - Other
... line, the end of sarcomere. The thick myosin filaments lie between Z lines, but are not attached to them. According to sliding filament theory (accepted theory of contraction), during contraction sarcomeres shorten. Actin and myosin filaments remain the same size – they simply slide past each other, ...
... line, the end of sarcomere. The thick myosin filaments lie between Z lines, but are not attached to them. According to sliding filament theory (accepted theory of contraction), during contraction sarcomeres shorten. Actin and myosin filaments remain the same size – they simply slide past each other, ...
Sequence of information processing for emotions based on the
... posterior medial cortices, and the sparsest in anterior lateral prefrontal areas, especially area 10. Prefrontal projection neurons directed to the amygdala originated in layer 5, but significant numbers were also found in layers 2 and 3 in posterior medial and orbitofrontal cortices. Amygdalar axon ...
... posterior medial cortices, and the sparsest in anterior lateral prefrontal areas, especially area 10. Prefrontal projection neurons directed to the amygdala originated in layer 5, but significant numbers were also found in layers 2 and 3 in posterior medial and orbitofrontal cortices. Amygdalar axon ...
Tuning Curve Shift by Attention Modulation in Cortical Neurons: a
... 4C). When we simulate an attentional signal with inhibitory surround effect, we use r9A = 0.52, A0 = –0.48 and A1 = 1.5. For each of these models, and each parameter set explored, we found the network activity pattern in response to a single stimulus (centered at xS), and the spatial tuning curve of ...
... 4C). When we simulate an attentional signal with inhibitory surround effect, we use r9A = 0.52, A0 = –0.48 and A1 = 1.5. For each of these models, and each parameter set explored, we found the network activity pattern in response to a single stimulus (centered at xS), and the spatial tuning curve of ...
Placing prediction into the fear circuit
... across CS–US pairings. Aversive USs might act as teaching signals to trigger plasticity at CS input synapses to the LA, at least in part, by causing depolarization and action potential firing in LA neurons while CS inputs are active [9,10]. There is reason to believe that the strength of this teachi ...
... across CS–US pairings. Aversive USs might act as teaching signals to trigger plasticity at CS input synapses to the LA, at least in part, by causing depolarization and action potential firing in LA neurons while CS inputs are active [9,10]. There is reason to believe that the strength of this teachi ...
development and plasticity of cortical areas and networks
... examined so far have been shown to regulate sizes of areas: deleting ephrin-A2 and ephrin-A5 affects the targeting of thalamocortical axons to neocortical regions in vivo, as lateral portions of the body map in somatosensory cortex are enlarged and distorted36. Matching of thalamic afferents with co ...
... examined so far have been shown to regulate sizes of areas: deleting ephrin-A2 and ephrin-A5 affects the targeting of thalamocortical axons to neocortical regions in vivo, as lateral portions of the body map in somatosensory cortex are enlarged and distorted36. Matching of thalamic afferents with co ...
Synaptic Distinction of Laminar-specific Prefrontal-temporal Pathways in Primates
... For single section analysis 1--4 pieces of tissue were cut from layer I from each case (total = 8 in 5 cases), and 1--3 pieces from the middle layers (total = 8 in 5 cases), representative of the labeling in area Ts1 (cases AY, BG, BC, BA), or in area Ts3 (case BF). The sites sampled from architecto ...
... For single section analysis 1--4 pieces of tissue were cut from layer I from each case (total = 8 in 5 cases), and 1--3 pieces from the middle layers (total = 8 in 5 cases), representative of the labeling in area Ts1 (cases AY, BG, BC, BA), or in area Ts3 (case BF). The sites sampled from architecto ...
Simulating the Fröhlich Effect of Motion Misperception as a Result... Attentional Modulation in the Visual System
... shifted towards the onset location. On its way attention may either have to “catch up” with the stimulus or the stimulus moves toward the focus of attention. Thus, a stimulus that moves away from the fixation point “costs” the attention shift some additional distance whereas motion towards it can “s ...
... shifted towards the onset location. On its way attention may either have to “catch up” with the stimulus or the stimulus moves toward the focus of attention. Thus, a stimulus that moves away from the fixation point “costs” the attention shift some additional distance whereas motion towards it can “s ...
NEURAL NETWORKS AND FUZZY SYSTEMS
... control information. The input changes slowly,and can be assumed constant value. ...
... control information. The input changes slowly,and can be assumed constant value. ...
Introduction to Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
... Conditioned Stimulus (CS) - sensory input having no previous correlation with a response but which becomes associated with it. E.g. Pavlov’s bell. Keith L. Downing ...
... Conditioned Stimulus (CS) - sensory input having no previous correlation with a response but which becomes associated with it. E.g. Pavlov’s bell. Keith L. Downing ...
Pictures of pain: their contribution to the
... Yet, different from these images, depictions of pain, or relating to pain, need not be figurative at all. Instead they can be abstract or symbolic, but, like abstract art in general (Melcher and Bacci, 2013), can be created to evoke an empathetic response. For example, the contemporary artist Deborah ...
... Yet, different from these images, depictions of pain, or relating to pain, need not be figurative at all. Instead they can be abstract or symbolic, but, like abstract art in general (Melcher and Bacci, 2013), can be created to evoke an empathetic response. For example, the contemporary artist Deborah ...
mGluR-dependent persistent firing in entorhinal cortex layer III neurons SYNAPTIC MECHANISMS Motoharu Yoshida,
... Persistent firing is believed to be a crucial mechanism for memory function including working memory. Recent in vivo and in vitro findings suggest an involvement of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in persistent firing. Using whole-cell patch-recording techniques in a rat entorhinal cortex ...
... Persistent firing is believed to be a crucial mechanism for memory function including working memory. Recent in vivo and in vitro findings suggest an involvement of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in persistent firing. Using whole-cell patch-recording techniques in a rat entorhinal cortex ...
development and plasticity of cortical areas and networks
... examined so far have been shown to regulate sizes of areas: deleting ephrin-A2 and ephrin-A5 affects the targeting of thalamocortical axons to neocortical regions in vivo, as lateral portions of the body map in somatosensory cortex are enlarged and distorted36. Matching of thalamic afferents with co ...
... examined so far have been shown to regulate sizes of areas: deleting ephrin-A2 and ephrin-A5 affects the targeting of thalamocortical axons to neocortical regions in vivo, as lateral portions of the body map in somatosensory cortex are enlarged and distorted36. Matching of thalamic afferents with co ...
Electrical Stimulation of the Horizontal Limb of the Diagonal Band
... followed by a second negative inflection (B1). A1 is generated by the monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) in layer Ia, and B1 is thought to reflect the disynaptic EPSP caused by activation of the intrinsic fibers within piriform cortex; 50 ms after the tetanus in the HDB, component ...
... followed by a second negative inflection (B1). A1 is generated by the monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) in layer Ia, and B1 is thought to reflect the disynaptic EPSP caused by activation of the intrinsic fibers within piriform cortex; 50 ms after the tetanus in the HDB, component ...
Précis of The Brain and Emotion
... appear to have been reconnected (compared to rodents) to place much more emphasis on cortical processing, taking place in areas such as the orbitofrontal cortex (see Chapter 2). The principle of the stage of sensory processing at which reward value is extracted and made explicit in the representatio ...
... appear to have been reconnected (compared to rodents) to place much more emphasis on cortical processing, taking place in areas such as the orbitofrontal cortex (see Chapter 2). The principle of the stage of sensory processing at which reward value is extracted and made explicit in the representatio ...
Early Functional Impairment of Sensory-Motor Connectivity in a Mouse Model of Spinal Muscular Atrophy
... Ruiz et al., 2010). Surprisingly, motor neurons in SMA are structurally well connected to their target muscles but functionally NMJs in SMN-D7 mice exhibit a 50% reduction in quantal content, indicating reduced synaptic vesicle release from motor neuron terminals in response to evoked stimulation (K ...
... Ruiz et al., 2010). Surprisingly, motor neurons in SMA are structurally well connected to their target muscles but functionally NMJs in SMN-D7 mice exhibit a 50% reduction in quantal content, indicating reduced synaptic vesicle release from motor neuron terminals in response to evoked stimulation (K ...
BOLD fMRI study of ultrahigh frequency encoding in the
... Many vertebrates communicate with ultrahigh frequency (UHF) vocalizations to limit auditory detection by predators. The mechanisms underlying the neural encoding of such UHF sounds may provide important insights for understanding neural processing of other complex sounds (e.g. human speeches). In th ...
... Many vertebrates communicate with ultrahigh frequency (UHF) vocalizations to limit auditory detection by predators. The mechanisms underlying the neural encoding of such UHF sounds may provide important insights for understanding neural processing of other complex sounds (e.g. human speeches). In th ...
R eelin is expressed in the accessory olfactory system, but is not a
... mutants showed patterns of vomeronasal nerve labeling that were not obviously different from controls (Fig. 2). In reeler mutants and wild-type mice, vomeronasal sensory neurons labeled by the VN12-IRES-lacZ transgene originate in the VNO and soon after leaving the VNO form bundles of axons. Initial ...
... mutants showed patterns of vomeronasal nerve labeling that were not obviously different from controls (Fig. 2). In reeler mutants and wild-type mice, vomeronasal sensory neurons labeled by the VN12-IRES-lacZ transgene originate in the VNO and soon after leaving the VNO form bundles of axons. Initial ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.