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... mossy fiber. Other elements in this interaction are glial processes, which envelop most of the glomerulus, and small axon terminals, which synapse on the outside surfaces of the granule cell dendrites. These small terminals with pleomorphic vesicles form symmetric synapses, indicating an inhibitory ...
... mossy fiber. Other elements in this interaction are glial processes, which envelop most of the glomerulus, and small axon terminals, which synapse on the outside surfaces of the granule cell dendrites. These small terminals with pleomorphic vesicles form symmetric synapses, indicating an inhibitory ...
The functional role of the parieto-frontal mirror circuit
... behaviour, among which are hand grasping, mouth and head movements, arm reaching and various types of eye movements. These circuits are activated by specific sets of sensory inputs that are conveyed to the parietal lobe from somatosensory, visual and auditory areas. In this Review, we focus on the m ...
... behaviour, among which are hand grasping, mouth and head movements, arm reaching and various types of eye movements. These circuits are activated by specific sets of sensory inputs that are conveyed to the parietal lobe from somatosensory, visual and auditory areas. In this Review, we focus on the m ...
A thalamic reticular networking model of consciousness
... pass through the ventral thalamus [17], the major component of which is the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), a sheer laminar wrapping around the thalamus. It is worth noting that the TRN occupies a striking control position in the brain. The cerebral cortex and thalamus connect in a reciprocal mann ...
... pass through the ventral thalamus [17], the major component of which is the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), a sheer laminar wrapping around the thalamus. It is worth noting that the TRN occupies a striking control position in the brain. The cerebral cortex and thalamus connect in a reciprocal mann ...
The functional role of the parieto-frontal mirror circuit: interpretations
... behaviour, among which are hand grasping, mouth and head movements, arm reaching and various types of eye movements. These circuits are activated by specific sets of sensory inputs that are conveyed to the parietal lobe from somatosensory, visual and auditory areas. In this Review, we focus on the m ...
... behaviour, among which are hand grasping, mouth and head movements, arm reaching and various types of eye movements. These circuits are activated by specific sets of sensory inputs that are conveyed to the parietal lobe from somatosensory, visual and auditory areas. In this Review, we focus on the m ...
Motivation - Blackwell Publishing
... satiety. Interestingly, however, animals have difficulty learning to perform a response that brings a reward of food if the food is delivered directly into the stomach, demonstrating that this form of feeding is not very rewarding in itself (see Rolls, ...
... satiety. Interestingly, however, animals have difficulty learning to perform a response that brings a reward of food if the food is delivered directly into the stomach, demonstrating that this form of feeding is not very rewarding in itself (see Rolls, ...
Spike-based Winner-Take-All Computation in a Multi
... the spike-based winner-take-all network, by developing a theoretical model of its performance and describing its implementation in a large-scale multi-chip vision system. The winner-take-all is a neuronal network that amplifies the strongest set of inputs and suppresses output from the others. In va ...
... the spike-based winner-take-all network, by developing a theoretical model of its performance and describing its implementation in a large-scale multi-chip vision system. The winner-take-all is a neuronal network that amplifies the strongest set of inputs and suppresses output from the others. In va ...
Functional anatomy of neural circuits regulating fear and extinction
... Owing to substantial progress toward understanding the neural mechanisms underlying the context specificity of fear extinction, there is now a general consensus that, for auditory fear conditioning, extinction involves three main structures: the amygdala, hippocampus (HIPP), and prefrontal cortex (PF ...
... Owing to substantial progress toward understanding the neural mechanisms underlying the context specificity of fear extinction, there is now a general consensus that, for auditory fear conditioning, extinction involves three main structures: the amygdala, hippocampus (HIPP), and prefrontal cortex (PF ...
Chapter 15 Perceptual Development
... When the screen comes up, you will see two copies of the same image. Initially, both images are of a face, not the handsomest face but it will have to do. The copy on the left will never be change and serves a reference to what the face or scene will look like to an adult. The image on the right wil ...
... When the screen comes up, you will see two copies of the same image. Initially, both images are of a face, not the handsomest face but it will have to do. The copy on the left will never be change and serves a reference to what the face or scene will look like to an adult. The image on the right wil ...
powerpoint lecture
... • Gateway to cerebral cortex • Sorts, edits, and relays ascending input – Impulses from hypothalamus for regulation of emotion and visceral function – Impulses from cerebellum and basal nuclei to help direct motor cortices – Impulses for memory or sensory integration ...
... • Gateway to cerebral cortex • Sorts, edits, and relays ascending input – Impulses from hypothalamus for regulation of emotion and visceral function – Impulses from cerebellum and basal nuclei to help direct motor cortices – Impulses for memory or sensory integration ...
The Autonomic Nervous System
... Pain stimuli arising from the viscera that are perceived as somatic in origin ...
... Pain stimuli arising from the viscera that are perceived as somatic in origin ...
Edge of chaos and prediction of computational performance for
... is the number of presynaptic neurons, xi (t) results from the output spike train of the ith presynaptic neuron by filtering it according to the low-pass filtering property of the membrane of the readout neuron,2 and wi is the efficacy of the synaptic connection. Thus wi xi (t) models the time course ...
... is the number of presynaptic neurons, xi (t) results from the output spike train of the ith presynaptic neuron by filtering it according to the low-pass filtering property of the membrane of the readout neuron,2 and wi is the efficacy of the synaptic connection. Thus wi xi (t) models the time course ...
A bio-inspired learning signal for the cumulative learning - laral
... activations with the temporal-difference (TD) error of computational reinforcement learning [17], and suggests that phasic DA represents a reward prediction error signal with the role of guiding the maximisation of future rewards through the selection of the appropriate actions. The second hypothesi ...
... activations with the temporal-difference (TD) error of computational reinforcement learning [17], and suggests that phasic DA represents a reward prediction error signal with the role of guiding the maximisation of future rewards through the selection of the appropriate actions. The second hypothesi ...
Orientation Preference Patterns in Mammalian Visual Cortex: A Wire
... ent at every point (Girman et al., 1999). This is despite the fact that each individual neuron is well tuned for orientation. The situation in rat V1 raises a question about the relation between the tuning of neuronal response and the tuning of the connection function. Although they are related, the ...
... ent at every point (Girman et al., 1999). This is despite the fact that each individual neuron is well tuned for orientation. The situation in rat V1 raises a question about the relation between the tuning of neuronal response and the tuning of the connection function. Although they are related, the ...
Computing Action Potentials by Phase Interference in
... tory period of one action potential colliding and interfering with another where axons come together at branches and on the axon hillock. The computational information that can be stored by the action potential does not follow the functional phases of the neurophysiological action potential but foll ...
... tory period of one action potential colliding and interfering with another where axons come together at branches and on the axon hillock. The computational information that can be stored by the action potential does not follow the functional phases of the neurophysiological action potential but foll ...
with task performance neural responses and determining their
... method to parse the responses of individual neurons into weighted sums of intuitive components. Our method computes the weights by projecting a neuron’s responses onto a predefined orthonormal basis. Once determined, these weights can then be combined to quantify different types of signal modulation ...
... method to parse the responses of individual neurons into weighted sums of intuitive components. Our method computes the weights by projecting a neuron’s responses onto a predefined orthonormal basis. Once determined, these weights can then be combined to quantify different types of signal modulation ...
Response Differences in Monkey TE and Perirhinal Cortex: Stimulus
... Liu, Zheng and Barry J. Richmond. Response differences in monkey TE and perirhinal cortex: stimulus association related to reward schedules. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 1677–1692, 2000. Anatomic and behavioral evidence shows that TE and perirhinal cortices are two directly connected but distinct inferior t ...
... Liu, Zheng and Barry J. Richmond. Response differences in monkey TE and perirhinal cortex: stimulus association related to reward schedules. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 1677–1692, 2000. Anatomic and behavioral evidence shows that TE and perirhinal cortices are two directly connected but distinct inferior t ...
New Features of Connectivity in Piriform Cortex Visualized by
... nucleus where dendrites from deep pyramidal and nonpyramidal cells predominate (Haberly, 1998). In layer IIId, long associational axons gave rise to collaterals that ascended to more superficial layers at varying distances from the cell body (Fig. 1 B, arrowheads). Within layer Ib (the deep portion ...
... nucleus where dendrites from deep pyramidal and nonpyramidal cells predominate (Haberly, 1998). In layer IIId, long associational axons gave rise to collaterals that ascended to more superficial layers at varying distances from the cell body (Fig. 1 B, arrowheads). Within layer Ib (the deep portion ...
Human Lateral Geniculate Nucleus and Visual Cortex Respond to
... by the screen flicker and is not an electromagnetic artifact. This signal presents the electrophysiological characteristics of the SSVEPs usually evoked by repeated flashed stimuli. Indeed, these oscillations are phase-locked to the periodic stimulus, as they are best observed on the averaged evoked ...
... by the screen flicker and is not an electromagnetic artifact. This signal presents the electrophysiological characteristics of the SSVEPs usually evoked by repeated flashed stimuli. Indeed, these oscillations are phase-locked to the periodic stimulus, as they are best observed on the averaged evoked ...
From the Eye to the Brain: Development of the Drosophila
... 2.2.3 Lobula Complex: The Lobula The lobula can be divided into six layers arranged perpendicularly to the columnar structures resulting from the columnar inputs of the medulla neurons (Fischbach & Dittrich, 1989). Almost all lobula cells are projection neurons whose cell bodies are located between ...
... 2.2.3 Lobula Complex: The Lobula The lobula can be divided into six layers arranged perpendicularly to the columnar structures resulting from the columnar inputs of the medulla neurons (Fischbach & Dittrich, 1989). Almost all lobula cells are projection neurons whose cell bodies are located between ...
Neuronal control of swimming in jellyfish: a
... some type of physiological connectivity throughout the nerve net. From his writing, it is evident that similar physiological connectivity had been “discovered” within the spinal cord of vertebrates, even though the concept of the chemical synapse was not yet formulated. In Romanes’ words, “…there ca ...
... some type of physiological connectivity throughout the nerve net. From his writing, it is evident that similar physiological connectivity had been “discovered” within the spinal cord of vertebrates, even though the concept of the chemical synapse was not yet formulated. In Romanes’ words, “…there ca ...
PAIN
... lasting several-hundred milliseconds. Windup results from the summation of these slow synaptic potentials. This produces a cumulative depolarization that leads to removal of the voltage-dependent Mg2+ channel blockade in NMDA receptors and entry of Ca2+. Increasing glutamate action progressively inc ...
... lasting several-hundred milliseconds. Windup results from the summation of these slow synaptic potentials. This produces a cumulative depolarization that leads to removal of the voltage-dependent Mg2+ channel blockade in NMDA receptors and entry of Ca2+. Increasing glutamate action progressively inc ...
Can neuroscience reveal the true nature of consciousness?
... and distinguished from functions like visually guided behavior, attention, working memory, and control8. It will reveal that conscious visual experience is not always what we think it is, and may even defy our introspective notion of consciousness9. A central tenet of my approach is the distinction ...
... and distinguished from functions like visually guided behavior, attention, working memory, and control8. It will reveal that conscious visual experience is not always what we think it is, and may even defy our introspective notion of consciousness9. A central tenet of my approach is the distinction ...
Conductance-Based Model of the Voltage
... indicate the importance of controlling outputs of the basal ganglia by STN neurons. Therefore it is crucial to know how activities of STN neurons are regulated. In slice preparations, STN neurons show rhythmic singlespike activities at resting membrane potentials (Beurrier et al. 1999; Bevan and Wil ...
... indicate the importance of controlling outputs of the basal ganglia by STN neurons. Therefore it is crucial to know how activities of STN neurons are regulated. In slice preparations, STN neurons show rhythmic singlespike activities at resting membrane potentials (Beurrier et al. 1999; Bevan and Wil ...
Conduction Velocity and Patellar Reflex Blah A. Blah Partner B
... efferent or exit pathway via motor neurons to the effectors, which are, in this case, the quadriceps. The signal causes the quadriceps to contract and, thus, extend the knee. Lastly, the interneurons not only connect the afferent pathway (sensory) to the efferent pathway (motor) in the spinal cord, ...
... efferent or exit pathway via motor neurons to the effectors, which are, in this case, the quadriceps. The signal causes the quadriceps to contract and, thus, extend the knee. Lastly, the interneurons not only connect the afferent pathway (sensory) to the efferent pathway (motor) in the spinal cord, ...
Sounds of Silence BU scientists are helping a paralyzed man utter his
... research is directed at helping the disabled. Guenther and Brumberg, for their part, hope the speech prosthesis will one day be used by people who have the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or who have lost their voice following throat cancer surgery. But they’ve also bee ...
... research is directed at helping the disabled. Guenther and Brumberg, for their part, hope the speech prosthesis will one day be used by people who have the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or who have lost their voice following throat cancer surgery. But they’ve also bee ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.