Development of the brain stem in the rat. V. Thymidine‐radiographic
... neurons. Most investigators denied the existence of connections with the inferior colliculus. The assumption that the uarabigeminal nucleus is part of the brain stem visual system is supported by physiological evidence (Sherk, '78). ...
... neurons. Most investigators denied the existence of connections with the inferior colliculus. The assumption that the uarabigeminal nucleus is part of the brain stem visual system is supported by physiological evidence (Sherk, '78). ...
The human medial geniculate body
... view of the narrow tuning curves of the cells and their pattern of tonotopic organization [3]. Other parts (for example, the medial division) contain neurons with much broader, often polysensory tuning curves, and an unknown number of representations of the basilar membrane [l]. Moreover. the patter ...
... view of the narrow tuning curves of the cells and their pattern of tonotopic organization [3]. Other parts (for example, the medial division) contain neurons with much broader, often polysensory tuning curves, and an unknown number of representations of the basilar membrane [l]. Moreover. the patter ...
Hippocampal mechanisms for the context-dependent retrieval of episodes 2005 Special issue
... retrieval of associations with this temporal context from representations of distinct time points in dentate gyrus. This allows region CA3 activity to represent temporal context of events, consistent with the evidence of context-dependent firing of neurons in region CA3 (Guzowski, Knierim, & Moser, ...
... retrieval of associations with this temporal context from representations of distinct time points in dentate gyrus. This allows region CA3 activity to represent temporal context of events, consistent with the evidence of context-dependent firing of neurons in region CA3 (Guzowski, Knierim, & Moser, ...
Morphological Studies of Wobbler Mouse Dorsal Root Ganglia
... 90% of cases, the familial ALS (fALS) with 5-10%, and the very rare juvenile ALS (jALS) group, which is statistically less relevant. The wobbler mouse, a model for sALS, has been in the focus of research for many decades. Due to symptoms strongly resembling the human ALS pathology, the α-motor neuro ...
... 90% of cases, the familial ALS (fALS) with 5-10%, and the very rare juvenile ALS (jALS) group, which is statistically less relevant. The wobbler mouse, a model for sALS, has been in the focus of research for many decades. Due to symptoms strongly resembling the human ALS pathology, the α-motor neuro ...
521 THE CHOLINERGIC LIMBIC SYSTEM: PROJECTIONS TO
... (a) Nuclei supplying medial cortex.—The anterior thalamic nuclei are supplied directly by fornix fibres as well as indirectly through the mammillothalamic tract (Guillery, 1966; Nauta, 1956). The anteroventral nucleus is rich in both AChE and ChE, which is located in the cells and extracellularly in ...
... (a) Nuclei supplying medial cortex.—The anterior thalamic nuclei are supplied directly by fornix fibres as well as indirectly through the mammillothalamic tract (Guillery, 1966; Nauta, 1956). The anteroventral nucleus is rich in both AChE and ChE, which is located in the cells and extracellularly in ...
Reverse-Engineering the Human Auditory Pathway
... visualizing these processes in isolation at near biological resolution in real-time, and it was possible to raise venture capital funding to begin the project. By 2008, these advances had permitted the development of products in the area of two-microphone noise reduction for mobile phones, leading t ...
... visualizing these processes in isolation at near biological resolution in real-time, and it was possible to raise venture capital funding to begin the project. By 2008, these advances had permitted the development of products in the area of two-microphone noise reduction for mobile phones, leading t ...
J Comp Physiol (1982) 149: 179 193
... may be ‘surprised’ this way, and induced to reveal their visual input, even if their specific stimulus is not available or not yet known. (c) For apparently visual interneurons, the response delay indicates their position in a chain of neurons, relative to photoreceptors on the input side, and to ot ...
... may be ‘surprised’ this way, and induced to reveal their visual input, even if their specific stimulus is not available or not yet known. (c) For apparently visual interneurons, the response delay indicates their position in a chain of neurons, relative to photoreceptors on the input side, and to ot ...
Branched thalamic afferents - the Sherman Lab
... and Krauzlis (2008); Sommer and Wurtz, 2008, Klier and Angelaki, 2008). The proposed pathways are often theoretical, with the actual anatomy of the pathways generally not clearly defined or completely undefined, and a number of different diagrams have been published (see Fig. 4 for two examples). Th ...
... and Krauzlis (2008); Sommer and Wurtz, 2008, Klier and Angelaki, 2008). The proposed pathways are often theoretical, with the actual anatomy of the pathways generally not clearly defined or completely undefined, and a number of different diagrams have been published (see Fig. 4 for two examples). Th ...
View/Open - Minerva Access
... Typical and well-studied examples of behavioral learning are those in which the firing rates of individual cortical neurons in monkeys are increased using rewards. These results have been reproduced using reinforcement learning rules, such as a variant of STDP called reward-modulated spike-timing-d ...
... Typical and well-studied examples of behavioral learning are those in which the firing rates of individual cortical neurons in monkeys are increased using rewards. These results have been reproduced using reinforcement learning rules, such as a variant of STDP called reward-modulated spike-timing-d ...
Neurodevelopmental mechanisms of schizophrenia: understanding
... association studies in more than one ethnic group [9]. Compelling genetic evidence for DISC1 was initially obtained from a large Scottish pedigree in which a majority of family members with disruption of DISC1 suffer from psychiatric illnesses, including SZ [10,11]. Biological studies have revealed ...
... association studies in more than one ethnic group [9]. Compelling genetic evidence for DISC1 was initially obtained from a large Scottish pedigree in which a majority of family members with disruption of DISC1 suffer from psychiatric illnesses, including SZ [10,11]. Biological studies have revealed ...
Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and the Autonomic Nervous System
... posterior horns extend closer to the edge of the spinal cord. ...
... posterior horns extend closer to the edge of the spinal cord. ...
- Valiente Lab
... Schizophrenia is a complex disorder that interferes with the function of several brain systems required for cognition and normal social behaviour. Although the most notable clinical aspects of the disease only become apparent during late adolescence or early adulthood, many lines of evidence suggest ...
... Schizophrenia is a complex disorder that interferes with the function of several brain systems required for cognition and normal social behaviour. Although the most notable clinical aspects of the disease only become apparent during late adolescence or early adulthood, many lines of evidence suggest ...
Implications of Altered Brain Ganglioside Profiles in Amyotrophic
... cell derived signals are likely to be important regulators of neuronal cell body metabolism. The loss of target signals is a passible means by which the cell body learns that its axon has been damaged. Lass of such target-derived factors has been proposed as a general neurological defect". Several r ...
... cell derived signals are likely to be important regulators of neuronal cell body metabolism. The loss of target signals is a passible means by which the cell body learns that its axon has been damaged. Lass of such target-derived factors has been proposed as a general neurological defect". Several r ...
Development of the rat thalamus: VI. The posterior lobule of the
... Short-survival, sequential, and long-survival thymidine radiograms of rat embryos, fetuses, and young pups were analyzed in order to determine the time of origin, site of origin, migratory route, and settling pattern of neurons of the dorsal lateral geniculate (LGD), ventral lateral geniculate (LGV) ...
... Short-survival, sequential, and long-survival thymidine radiograms of rat embryos, fetuses, and young pups were analyzed in order to determine the time of origin, site of origin, migratory route, and settling pattern of neurons of the dorsal lateral geniculate (LGD), ventral lateral geniculate (LGV) ...
Tang et al - Pro Aid Autisme
... spines peaks in early childhood and is followed by a steep decline during late childhood and adolescence to adult levels (Penzes et al., 2011), a process that provides selection and maturation of synapses and neural circuits. While ASDs exhibit striking genetic and clinical heterogeneity, multiple A ...
... spines peaks in early childhood and is followed by a steep decline during late childhood and adolescence to adult levels (Penzes et al., 2011), a process that provides selection and maturation of synapses and neural circuits. While ASDs exhibit striking genetic and clinical heterogeneity, multiple A ...
Self-Organizing Visual Cortex Model using Homeostatic Plasticity
... neurons will be strengthened when both neurons fire in correlation and weakened when they fire out of correlation. This rule is extremely powerful in explaining the phenomena of information storage and learning in neural system. However, because Hebbian plasticity relies on positive feedback mechan ...
... neurons will be strengthened when both neurons fire in correlation and weakened when they fire out of correlation. This rule is extremely powerful in explaining the phenomena of information storage and learning in neural system. However, because Hebbian plasticity relies on positive feedback mechan ...
i BASAL GANGLIA PATHWAYS: BEYOND THE CLOSED
... Figure 1-5: Origin of pallidal projections to M1, PMv, SMA, area 46, and area 9. ......... 17 Figure 1-6: Origin of nigral projections to the FEF, areas TE, 12, 9m, and 9l. ................ 17 Figure 1-7: Summary map of pallidal output channels. .................................................. 19 ...
... Figure 1-5: Origin of pallidal projections to M1, PMv, SMA, area 46, and area 9. ......... 17 Figure 1-6: Origin of nigral projections to the FEF, areas TE, 12, 9m, and 9l. ................ 17 Figure 1-7: Summary map of pallidal output channels. .................................................. 19 ...
synaptic connections of morphologically identified and
... 89 boutons of the third cell. The terminals contained pleomorphic vesicles and established symmetrical synapses wi th their postsynaptic ta rgets. The basket cell axons formed synapses principall y on pyra midal cell perika rya (a pproximately 33% of synapses), spines (20% of synapses) and the apica ...
... 89 boutons of the third cell. The terminals contained pleomorphic vesicles and established symmetrical synapses wi th their postsynaptic ta rgets. The basket cell axons formed synapses principall y on pyra midal cell perika rya (a pproximately 33% of synapses), spines (20% of synapses) and the apica ...
learning motor skills by imitation: a biologically inspired robotic model
... commands produced by the cerebellum. As such, they give an abstract representation of mirror neurons. Learning of new combinations of movements is done in PM and in the cerebellum. Premotor cortexes and cerebellum are modeled by the DRAMA neural architecture which allows learning of times series and ...
... commands produced by the cerebellum. As such, they give an abstract representation of mirror neurons. Learning of new combinations of movements is done in PM and in the cerebellum. Premotor cortexes and cerebellum are modeled by the DRAMA neural architecture which allows learning of times series and ...
Topographic Organization of Connections Between the Hypothalamus and
... solution of 6% paraformaldehyde with glycerol and 2% DMSO, frozen, and cut as described above. Three adjacent series of sections were saved for microscopic analysis. These series were mounted and dried onto gelatin-coated slides. The three series were stored in light-tight boxes with Drierite at 4°C ...
... solution of 6% paraformaldehyde with glycerol and 2% DMSO, frozen, and cut as described above. Three adjacent series of sections were saved for microscopic analysis. These series were mounted and dried onto gelatin-coated slides. The three series were stored in light-tight boxes with Drierite at 4°C ...
Thalamic POm projections to the dorsolateral striatum of rats
... cytochrome oxidase to reveal thalamic cytoarchitecture (Land and Simons 1985; Wong-Riley 1979). The second series was processed for BDA as described before (Alloway et al. 1998; Kincaid and Wilson 1996). These sections were gently agitated in 0.3% H2O2 to reduce background enzymes and then in 0.1 M ...
... cytochrome oxidase to reveal thalamic cytoarchitecture (Land and Simons 1985; Wong-Riley 1979). The second series was processed for BDA as described before (Alloway et al. 1998; Kincaid and Wilson 1996). These sections were gently agitated in 0.3% H2O2 to reduce background enzymes and then in 0.1 M ...
A Neurodynamical cortical model of visual attention and
... Rolls, 1997), except that backprojections are incorporated, and the numbers of neurons are reduced for simplicity. These different modules allow combinations of features or inputs that occur in a given spatial arrangement to be learned by neurons, ensuring that higher-order spatial properties of the ...
... Rolls, 1997), except that backprojections are incorporated, and the numbers of neurons are reduced for simplicity. These different modules allow combinations of features or inputs that occur in a given spatial arrangement to be learned by neurons, ensuring that higher-order spatial properties of the ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.