The GABAergic system in schizophrenia
... from animal brain material. Working on crayfish stretch receptors initially and later with the monosynaptic kneejerk reflex in cats, Ernst Florey reported that a Factor I had inhibitory effects in these systems (Florey and McLennan, 1955). Factor I was later purified from beef brain and shown to be ...
... from animal brain material. Working on crayfish stretch receptors initially and later with the monosynaptic kneejerk reflex in cats, Ernst Florey reported that a Factor I had inhibitory effects in these systems (Florey and McLennan, 1955). Factor I was later purified from beef brain and shown to be ...
The occipitoparietal pathway of the macaque monkey: comparison
... the fundus of the superior temporal area (FST). Although these observations could be interpreted as supporting the anatomicalhierarchical model, the evidence is still inconclusive, mainly because comparisons have been made between areas belonging to the occipitoparietal and occipitotemporal pathways ...
... the fundus of the superior temporal area (FST). Although these observations could be interpreted as supporting the anatomicalhierarchical model, the evidence is still inconclusive, mainly because comparisons have been made between areas belonging to the occipitoparietal and occipitotemporal pathways ...
cortico-cortical feedback controls spatial summation in
... cortical areas, communicating via complex feedforward-feedback pathways. While feedforward pathways have been a focus of study, the role of the feedback pathway has remained poorly understood. Here we have developed a novel viral vector combination allowing for selective optogenetic inactivation of ...
... cortical areas, communicating via complex feedforward-feedback pathways. While feedforward pathways have been a focus of study, the role of the feedback pathway has remained poorly understood. Here we have developed a novel viral vector combination allowing for selective optogenetic inactivation of ...
Neuronal Clusters in the Primate Motor Cortex during Interception of
... identified previously in human subjects. Single-cell activity was recorded from the arm area of the primary motor cortex in these two animals, and the neurons were classified based on the temporal patterns in their activity, using a nonhierarchical cluster analysis. Results of this analysis revealed ...
... identified previously in human subjects. Single-cell activity was recorded from the arm area of the primary motor cortex in these two animals, and the neurons were classified based on the temporal patterns in their activity, using a nonhierarchical cluster analysis. Results of this analysis revealed ...
Whisker sensory system – From receptor to decision
... One of the great challenges of systems neuroscience is to understand how the neocortex transforms neuronal representations of the physical characteristics of sensory stimuli into the percepts which can guide the animal’s decisions. Here we present progress made in understanding behavioral and neurop ...
... One of the great challenges of systems neuroscience is to understand how the neocortex transforms neuronal representations of the physical characteristics of sensory stimuli into the percepts which can guide the animal’s decisions. Here we present progress made in understanding behavioral and neurop ...
Fractionating Human Intelligence
... literature as a whole that they often lack credibility, as they fail to account for the broader involvement of the same brain regions in other aspects of cognition (Duncan and Owen, 2000; Hampshire et al., 2010). The question remains, therefore, whether intelligence is supported by one or multiple s ...
... literature as a whole that they often lack credibility, as they fail to account for the broader involvement of the same brain regions in other aspects of cognition (Duncan and Owen, 2000; Hampshire et al., 2010). The question remains, therefore, whether intelligence is supported by one or multiple s ...
Synaptic Integration of Olfactory Information in Mouse Anterior
... oil-associated activity is shown as a control for flow rate and vehicle effects. In supplemental Table 1 (available at www.jneurosci.org as supplemental material), the mixture and odorant-evoked responses were corrected for these effects by subtracting any mineral oil-evoked subthreshold response. T ...
... oil-associated activity is shown as a control for flow rate and vehicle effects. In supplemental Table 1 (available at www.jneurosci.org as supplemental material), the mixture and odorant-evoked responses were corrected for these effects by subtracting any mineral oil-evoked subthreshold response. T ...
Sensation
... Anatomy of Deep sensation explorers The first neuron – is in the unipolar cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord and homologous ganglia of the cranial nerves - Medial Holl’s tract fibers pass from Th4 and below (carries out deep sense from lower extremities and bottom of trunk) ...
... Anatomy of Deep sensation explorers The first neuron – is in the unipolar cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord and homologous ganglia of the cranial nerves - Medial Holl’s tract fibers pass from Th4 and below (carries out deep sense from lower extremities and bottom of trunk) ...
Nervous
... Cell bodies: in the cerebral cortex, basal nuclei (brainstem). Neurons do not leave CNS. A, General motor function: 1. initiation and continuation of voluntary movements 2. maintenance of appropriate muscle tone against gravity (maintenace of tone in extensor muscles), coordination 3. regulation of ...
... Cell bodies: in the cerebral cortex, basal nuclei (brainstem). Neurons do not leave CNS. A, General motor function: 1. initiation and continuation of voluntary movements 2. maintenance of appropriate muscle tone against gravity (maintenace of tone in extensor muscles), coordination 3. regulation of ...
07.Discussion
... neurons. 4.2.1 XETOR is an inhibitory factor for primary neurogenesis in independence of lateral inhibition XETOR encodes a putative protein that shares all characteristics of other members of oncoprotein family ETO/MTG8: the four conserved Nervy Homologous Regions and the two unusual zinc-finger mo ...
... neurons. 4.2.1 XETOR is an inhibitory factor for primary neurogenesis in independence of lateral inhibition XETOR encodes a putative protein that shares all characteristics of other members of oncoprotein family ETO/MTG8: the four conserved Nervy Homologous Regions and the two unusual zinc-finger mo ...
Hypothesizing that, A Pro-Dopamine Regulator (KB220Z) Should
... the DR-VGluT3 pathway to VTA employs glutamate as a neurotransmitter and is a substrate connecting the DR – an important sympathetic reward location in the brain - to VTA dopaminergic neurons. However, it is to be noted that other regions such as the PFC, amygdala, and thalamus provide a greater inp ...
... the DR-VGluT3 pathway to VTA employs glutamate as a neurotransmitter and is a substrate connecting the DR – an important sympathetic reward location in the brain - to VTA dopaminergic neurons. However, it is to be noted that other regions such as the PFC, amygdala, and thalamus provide a greater inp ...
Movement
... Figure 8.14 Cellular organization of the cerebellum. Parallel fibers (yellow) activate one Purkinje cell after another. Purkinje cells (red) inhibit a target cell in one of the nuclei of the cerebellum (not shown, but toward the bottom of the illustration). The more Purkinje cells that respond, the ...
... Figure 8.14 Cellular organization of the cerebellum. Parallel fibers (yellow) activate one Purkinje cell after another. Purkinje cells (red) inhibit a target cell in one of the nuclei of the cerebellum (not shown, but toward the bottom of the illustration). The more Purkinje cells that respond, the ...
Receptive Field Properties of Single Neurons in Rat Primary Visual
... FIG. 1. Data obtained on-line from a single cell at 420-mm depth (layer 2–3). In all graphs, the y axis shows the response as impulse per second (imp/s). Spontaneous activity (SA; discharge rate with uniform field of average luminance) is presented to the right of each x axis as 2 horizontal lines: ...
... FIG. 1. Data obtained on-line from a single cell at 420-mm depth (layer 2–3). In all graphs, the y axis shows the response as impulse per second (imp/s). Spontaneous activity (SA; discharge rate with uniform field of average luminance) is presented to the right of each x axis as 2 horizontal lines: ...
Bird Brain: Evolution
... territories have been found in reptiles. Some similarities between avian and mammalian pallium (i.e., mammalian cortex) include direct projections of sensory visual, auditory, and somatosensory input from the thalamus. The corresponding avian brain regions subserve the same type of sensory informati ...
... territories have been found in reptiles. Some similarities between avian and mammalian pallium (i.e., mammalian cortex) include direct projections of sensory visual, auditory, and somatosensory input from the thalamus. The corresponding avian brain regions subserve the same type of sensory informati ...
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
... neuronal metabolic activity may be central to the efficacy of TMS treatment for mood disorders and other neuropsychiatric diseases. As an example, PasqualLeone24 has demonstrated that depression may be alleviated by either highfrequency rTMS over the left DLPFC or low-frequency rTMS over the right D ...
... neuronal metabolic activity may be central to the efficacy of TMS treatment for mood disorders and other neuropsychiatric diseases. As an example, PasqualLeone24 has demonstrated that depression may be alleviated by either highfrequency rTMS over the left DLPFC or low-frequency rTMS over the right D ...
Cochlea and Auditory Pathways
... The nucleus is the source of efferent axons which selectively “tune” the spiral organ for frequency discrimination (e.g., listening to the play of one instrument within an orchestra). (Efferent innervation affects the length of outer hair cells which changes the position of the tectorial membrane wh ...
... The nucleus is the source of efferent axons which selectively “tune” the spiral organ for frequency discrimination (e.g., listening to the play of one instrument within an orchestra). (Efferent innervation affects the length of outer hair cells which changes the position of the tectorial membrane wh ...
Chemosensory Convergence on Primary Olfactory Cortex
... under a condition of relative olfactory compromise. Confirmation of recording sites. After experimental sessions, subjects were deeply anesthetized and perfused through the heart with saline, followed by 10% Formalin. Ten seconds of direct current (5–10 A) were passed through the electrodes from wh ...
... under a condition of relative olfactory compromise. Confirmation of recording sites. After experimental sessions, subjects were deeply anesthetized and perfused through the heart with saline, followed by 10% Formalin. Ten seconds of direct current (5–10 A) were passed through the electrodes from wh ...
Balanced Excitatory and Inhibitory Inputs to Cortical Neurons
... We attempt to examine whether the brain may actually use the coding scheme based on the gamma process, which facilitates estimation of the parameters by their orthogonalization. The constancy of the firing irregularity can be the key evidence because it is essential for the coding scheme. We use Neu ...
... We attempt to examine whether the brain may actually use the coding scheme based on the gamma process, which facilitates estimation of the parameters by their orthogonalization. The constancy of the firing irregularity can be the key evidence because it is essential for the coding scheme. We use Neu ...
PDF
... growth and branching of their axons in the tissues they innervate is regulated by the supply of nerve growth factor (NGF) produced by these tissues. NGF is derived by proteolytic cleavage of a large precursor protein, proNGF, which is recognised to possess distinctive biological functions. Here, we ...
... growth and branching of their axons in the tissues they innervate is regulated by the supply of nerve growth factor (NGF) produced by these tissues. NGF is derived by proteolytic cleavage of a large precursor protein, proNGF, which is recognised to possess distinctive biological functions. Here, we ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... different brain regions or different species may implement it with different available components. Two established examples of canonical neural computations are exponentiation and linear filtering. Exponentiation, a form of thresholding, operates at the level of neurons and of networks3 — for exampl ...
... different brain regions or different species may implement it with different available components. Two established examples of canonical neural computations are exponentiation and linear filtering. Exponentiation, a form of thresholding, operates at the level of neurons and of networks3 — for exampl ...
Novel approaches to explore mechanisms of
... highly debilitating. Up to 30% of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, the most common form of the disorder in adults, arising in the hippocampus, cannot be effectively treated by current pharmaceuticals. Novel treatment strategies are highly needed, as well as increased understanding of the hippoc ...
... highly debilitating. Up to 30% of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, the most common form of the disorder in adults, arising in the hippocampus, cannot be effectively treated by current pharmaceuticals. Novel treatment strategies are highly needed, as well as increased understanding of the hippoc ...
The Emergence of Selective Attention through - laral
... the time increases with the number of distracters and the similarity between the visual features of the target and the distracters [1]. These results, originally used to sustain a serial deployment of a visual attention ‘spotlight’, have been later explained by a parallel interactive process. In par ...
... the time increases with the number of distracters and the similarity between the visual features of the target and the distracters [1]. These results, originally used to sustain a serial deployment of a visual attention ‘spotlight’, have been later explained by a parallel interactive process. In par ...
Neurons - AC Reynolds High
... Is the focal point for the outgrowth of neuronal processes Has no centrioles (hence its amitotic nature) Has well-developed Nissl bodies (rough ER) Contains an axon hillock – cone-shaped area from which axons arise Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Is the focal point for the outgrowth of neuronal processes Has no centrioles (hence its amitotic nature) Has well-developed Nissl bodies (rough ER) Contains an axon hillock – cone-shaped area from which axons arise Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
RH Ettinger - Test Bank 1
... c. Substantia nigra d. Nucleus accumbens Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 41 50. Which of the following structures of the brain is affected by Parkinson’s disease? a. Thalamus b. Substantia nigra c. Nucleus accumbens d. Hippocampus Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42 1.2 Discussion/Essay 1. Why does a neuron ...
... c. Substantia nigra d. Nucleus accumbens Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 41 50. Which of the following structures of the brain is affected by Parkinson’s disease? a. Thalamus b. Substantia nigra c. Nucleus accumbens d. Hippocampus Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42 1.2 Discussion/Essay 1. Why does a neuron ...
... back and test in A ("ABA" renewal). In real animals, all three forms of renewal usually occur, but ABA is most extreme, ABC less impressive, and AAB sometimes doesn't work very well. You should test at least for ABC renewal in FraidyRat. Questions you should be able to answer after doing the above e ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.