Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Directly Activates Noradrenergic
... activation of LC neurons is unknown. Moreover, given the apparent absence of mRNA for CRH receptors in LC neurons, the exact location of action of CRH within the cerulear region is debated. Using in vitro intracellular recordings from rat brainstem, we examined whether CRH exerts a direct effect on ...
... activation of LC neurons is unknown. Moreover, given the apparent absence of mRNA for CRH receptors in LC neurons, the exact location of action of CRH within the cerulear region is debated. Using in vitro intracellular recordings from rat brainstem, we examined whether CRH exerts a direct effect on ...
Central and peripheral chemoreceptors evoke distinct responses in
... stimulated by close injection of CO2-saturated 0.9 per cent saline solution (pH 5.0–5.2; 0.5–1.0 ml). Delivery catheters were placed so that blood flow forced the test solution through the carotid body (peripheral) or through the vertebral artery to the ventral surface of the medulla (central; figur ...
... stimulated by close injection of CO2-saturated 0.9 per cent saline solution (pH 5.0–5.2; 0.5–1.0 ml). Delivery catheters were placed so that blood flow forced the test solution through the carotid body (peripheral) or through the vertebral artery to the ventral surface of the medulla (central; figur ...
Lecture 14 (Chapter 13) Last Quiz The Adult Spinal Cord Gross
... coordinate signals in and out = information processors ...
... coordinate signals in and out = information processors ...
MIrror neuRons based RObot Recognition - LIRA-Lab
... now know a great deal about this structure. By providing a plausible model of these same functions we can delve deeper into the whys: i.e. is this integration functionally important? If the answer is yes, how much is it important? A physical implementation, in the form of a robotic system, can shed ...
... now know a great deal about this structure. By providing a plausible model of these same functions we can delve deeper into the whys: i.e. is this integration functionally important? If the answer is yes, how much is it important? A physical implementation, in the form of a robotic system, can shed ...
Functional Disconnectivities in Autistic Spectrum
... loss develops after a critical period, these areas may still be smaller due to atrophy or reverse plasticity, with either global or specific effects depending on the modality of dysfunction. In children with learning disabilities or affective disorders, there are specific areas of the nervous system ...
... loss develops after a critical period, these areas may still be smaller due to atrophy or reverse plasticity, with either global or specific effects depending on the modality of dysfunction. In children with learning disabilities or affective disorders, there are specific areas of the nervous system ...
Neurophysiology of Swallow #2
... stimulus, suggesting that when the correct excitatory code is carried by the descending corticobulbar tract and the peripheral sensory inputs, swallowing is elicited. Corticobulbar input is thought to influence only the duration and intensity of muscle activity pre-programmed by the NTS for involunt ...
... stimulus, suggesting that when the correct excitatory code is carried by the descending corticobulbar tract and the peripheral sensory inputs, swallowing is elicited. Corticobulbar input is thought to influence only the duration and intensity of muscle activity pre-programmed by the NTS for involunt ...
Superior Colliculus and Visual Spatial Attention
... Effects of superior colliculus (SC) inactivation on pursuit target selection. (a) The task was to smoothly track the target defined by a precue. Performance on this two-alternative task was measured before and after SC inactivation. (b) The area affected by SC inactivation was estimated by measuring ...
... Effects of superior colliculus (SC) inactivation on pursuit target selection. (a) The task was to smoothly track the target defined by a precue. Performance on this two-alternative task was measured before and after SC inactivation. (b) The area affected by SC inactivation was estimated by measuring ...
The dorsal raphe nucleus—From silver stainings to a role in
... he studied in newborn rabbit and kitten, was the raphe area. Cajal observed that the DRN contained four types of neurons, which he described as being voluminous, fusiform, triangular and stellate. His description is in accordance with modern reports on other mammals, which also identify four morphol ...
... he studied in newborn rabbit and kitten, was the raphe area. Cajal observed that the DRN contained four types of neurons, which he described as being voluminous, fusiform, triangular and stellate. His description is in accordance with modern reports on other mammals, which also identify four morphol ...
Behavioral and Neural Changes after Gains and Losses of
... respectively, the tendency for the animal to choose the same target in subsequent trials. We also found that the neurons in the dorsomedial frontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex often changed their activity according to whether the animal earned or lost ...
... respectively, the tendency for the animal to choose the same target in subsequent trials. We also found that the neurons in the dorsomedial frontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex often changed their activity according to whether the animal earned or lost ...
Evolution of Patterning Systems and Circuit Elements for Locomotion
... to only a few classes of neurons (Jessell, 2000). Despite these significant differences, many species appear to use a common set of intrinsic determinants during early neural patterning. In this section, we compare and contrast the mechanisms of neural induction and global patterning within the two ...
... to only a few classes of neurons (Jessell, 2000). Despite these significant differences, many species appear to use a common set of intrinsic determinants during early neural patterning. In this section, we compare and contrast the mechanisms of neural induction and global patterning within the two ...
Vegetative nervous system
... Ganglia and nerves within the submucosa (layer of fibrous connective tissue that attaches a mucus membrane to its subadjacent parts) Enteric ganglia receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems Ganglia contain many local neurons that allow enteric system to function semiautonomous ...
... Ganglia and nerves within the submucosa (layer of fibrous connective tissue that attaches a mucus membrane to its subadjacent parts) Enteric ganglia receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems Ganglia contain many local neurons that allow enteric system to function semiautonomous ...
commissural axons
... mechanism of action of axon guidance cues is much more complex than initially thought. In particular, many molecules interact and novel properties can emerge from cues acting together, rather than individually. Our current goals are thus to characterise the molecular crosstalks between the different ...
... mechanism of action of axon guidance cues is much more complex than initially thought. In particular, many molecules interact and novel properties can emerge from cues acting together, rather than individually. Our current goals are thus to characterise the molecular crosstalks between the different ...
THE BRAIN`S CONCEPTS: THE ROLE OF THE SENSORY
... used in acting and perceiving. Any conceptualisation of grasping via simulation therefore requires the use of the same functional clusters used in the action and perception of grasping. 5. Parameters. All actions, perceptions, and simulations make use of neural parameters and their values. For examp ...
... used in acting and perceiving. Any conceptualisation of grasping via simulation therefore requires the use of the same functional clusters used in the action and perception of grasping. 5. Parameters. All actions, perceptions, and simulations make use of neural parameters and their values. For examp ...
Comparison of Primate Prefrontal and Inferior Temporal
... (DMC) (Fig. 2). The monkeys viewed two stimuli that were separated by memorizing specific stimulus–response contingencies during the rea brief delay. They were trained to indicate (by releasing a lever) whether cording experiments, the test stimuli were 100 randomly generated the second (test) stimu ...
... (DMC) (Fig. 2). The monkeys viewed two stimuli that were separated by memorizing specific stimulus–response contingencies during the rea brief delay. They were trained to indicate (by releasing a lever) whether cording experiments, the test stimuli were 100 randomly generated the second (test) stimu ...
Co-activation of VTA DA and GABA neurons mediates nicotine
... consequences.1 Dissecting the underlying neurobiological mechanisms of this disorder has recently made important progress with the use of genetically modified mice,2 but they remain far from being understood in detail. The identification of novel drug targets for the design of smoking cessation medica ...
... consequences.1 Dissecting the underlying neurobiological mechanisms of this disorder has recently made important progress with the use of genetically modified mice,2 but they remain far from being understood in detail. The identification of novel drug targets for the design of smoking cessation medica ...
BMC Neuroscience
... with each other [15], and with distant sensory and association areas [17-20]. Here we tested whether geographic proximity or cortical type best explains the pattern of commissural projections linking prefrontal cortices. The prefrontal cortex is an ideal model system to investigate patterns of commi ...
... with each other [15], and with distant sensory and association areas [17-20]. Here we tested whether geographic proximity or cortical type best explains the pattern of commissural projections linking prefrontal cortices. The prefrontal cortex is an ideal model system to investigate patterns of commi ...
wood ant (formica lugubris zett.)
... are characterized by the presence of a subunit pattern of cross-directional electron-opaque lines with a 50- to 70-A periodicity. 5. Morphological signs of chemical transmission are absent in these junctions. O n the other hand, there is a striking similarity in structural organization between soma- ...
... are characterized by the presence of a subunit pattern of cross-directional electron-opaque lines with a 50- to 70-A periodicity. 5. Morphological signs of chemical transmission are absent in these junctions. O n the other hand, there is a striking similarity in structural organization between soma- ...
Document
... An axon may synapse with postganglionic neurons in the ganglion it first reaches or Sympathetic chains or An axon may continue, without synapsing, through the sympathetic trunk ganglion to end at a prevertebral ganglion and synapse with postganglionic neurons there or An axon may pass through the sy ...
... An axon may synapse with postganglionic neurons in the ganglion it first reaches or Sympathetic chains or An axon may continue, without synapsing, through the sympathetic trunk ganglion to end at a prevertebral ganglion and synapse with postganglionic neurons there or An axon may pass through the sy ...
new techniques for imaging, digitization and analysis of
... revealed thickening and vacuolization of the vascular basement membrane, thinning of microvessels referred to as atrophic or string vessels (Bell and Ball, 1981), increased tortuosity (Fischer et al., 1990), and fragmentation of the microvasculature related to a decrease in the number of long microv ...
... revealed thickening and vacuolization of the vascular basement membrane, thinning of microvessels referred to as atrophic or string vessels (Bell and Ball, 1981), increased tortuosity (Fischer et al., 1990), and fragmentation of the microvasculature related to a decrease in the number of long microv ...
On the Biological Plausibility of Grandmother Cells
... This is the position taken here. Indeed, the main goal in this article is to show that the current findings in neuroscience are compatible with localist models in psychology. It is not my claim that current data provide unambiguous support for localist coding schemes. But, I do intend to show that t ...
... This is the position taken here. Indeed, the main goal in this article is to show that the current findings in neuroscience are compatible with localist models in psychology. It is not my claim that current data provide unambiguous support for localist coding schemes. But, I do intend to show that t ...
The Pathogenesis of Fever
... by microbes Fever is a healing response Arises from complex sequence of interactions among soluble factors and host cells Initiated in periphery and transmitted to brain to modulate fever response Response both propyretic and antipyretic ...
... by microbes Fever is a healing response Arises from complex sequence of interactions among soluble factors and host cells Initiated in periphery and transmitted to brain to modulate fever response Response both propyretic and antipyretic ...
FREE Sample Here
... REF: The Nervous System: Control of Behavior and Physiological Functions 27. Which lobe of the cerebral cortex processes auditory information and supports language comprehension and production? a. occipital lobe c. parietal lobe b. temporal lobe d. frontal lobe ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: The Nervous System: ...
... REF: The Nervous System: Control of Behavior and Physiological Functions 27. Which lobe of the cerebral cortex processes auditory information and supports language comprehension and production? a. occipital lobe c. parietal lobe b. temporal lobe d. frontal lobe ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: The Nervous System: ...
Chapter 08: The Chemical Senses
... Multiple projections (from OB) to many brain structures Direct and widespread influence on odor discrimination, emotion, motivation, memory.. • OB-OT-Medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus pathway may be responsible for the conscious perception of smell, while connections to amygdala and entorhinal corte ...
... Multiple projections (from OB) to many brain structures Direct and widespread influence on odor discrimination, emotion, motivation, memory.. • OB-OT-Medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus pathway may be responsible for the conscious perception of smell, while connections to amygdala and entorhinal corte ...
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE)
... the human brain does. They consist of a number of interconnected processing elements called neurons. These neurons are connected to other neurons via a structure called a dendrite. The dendrites receive information from other neurons via axons. At the end of a dendrite is a synapse which converts ax ...
... the human brain does. They consist of a number of interconnected processing elements called neurons. These neurons are connected to other neurons via a structure called a dendrite. The dendrites receive information from other neurons via axons. At the end of a dendrite is a synapse which converts ax ...
Abstract Book Brain Circuits for Positive Emotions
... Can happiness or its pursuit harm you? Recent discussion of happiness often seems to ignore this possibility. Perhaps the best-known example of this possibility outside philosophy is one from economics: inability to defer gratification or present happiness will make you worse off. But many other cas ...
... Can happiness or its pursuit harm you? Recent discussion of happiness often seems to ignore this possibility. Perhaps the best-known example of this possibility outside philosophy is one from economics: inability to defer gratification or present happiness will make you worse off. But many other cas ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.