Central Nervous System
... This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: • any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; • preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images ...
... This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: • any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; • preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images ...
Conduction Velocity and Patellar Reflex Blah A. Blah Parter 1
... efferent or exit pathway via motor neurons to the effectors, which are, in this case, the quadriceps. The signal causes the quadriceps to contract and, thus, extend the knee. Lastly, the interneurons not only connect the afferent pathway (sensory) to the efferent pathway (motor) in the spinal cord, ...
... efferent or exit pathway via motor neurons to the effectors, which are, in this case, the quadriceps. The signal causes the quadriceps to contract and, thus, extend the knee. Lastly, the interneurons not only connect the afferent pathway (sensory) to the efferent pathway (motor) in the spinal cord, ...
Sounds of Silence BU scientists are helping a paralyzed man utter his
... research is directed at helping the disabled. Guenther and Brumberg, for their part, hope the speech prosthesis will one day be used by people who have the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or who have lost their voice following throat cancer surgery. But they’ve also bee ...
... research is directed at helping the disabled. Guenther and Brumberg, for their part, hope the speech prosthesis will one day be used by people who have the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or who have lost their voice following throat cancer surgery. But they’ve also bee ...
Modulation of Neuronal Activity in the Monkey Putamen Associated
... with the chronically implanted periorbital electrodes. Horizontal components of the eye position were digitized at 200 Hz and stored during each block of trials, concomitantly with neuronal activity, for off-line quantitative analysis of the oculomotor behavior. The task relationships of neuronal di ...
... with the chronically implanted periorbital electrodes. Horizontal components of the eye position were digitized at 200 Hz and stored during each block of trials, concomitantly with neuronal activity, for off-line quantitative analysis of the oculomotor behavior. The task relationships of neuronal di ...
Multi-Layer Feed-Forward - Teaching-WIKI
... – In linear models, statistical theory provides estimators that can be used as crude estimates of the generalization error in nonlinear models with a "large" training set. • Split-sample or hold-out validation. – The most commonly used method for estimating the generalization error in ANN is to rese ...
... – In linear models, statistical theory provides estimators that can be used as crude estimates of the generalization error in nonlinear models with a "large" training set. • Split-sample or hold-out validation. – The most commonly used method for estimating the generalization error in ANN is to rese ...
Mechanism of relation among heart meridian, referred cardiac pain
... is observed. Dichotomizing afferents fibers have been proposed as a possible explanation for referred pain [1]. Cardiac pain is frequently referred to the medial but not the lateral aspect of the left brachium, and the referred region is identical with the route of the heart meridian, which suggests ...
... is observed. Dichotomizing afferents fibers have been proposed as a possible explanation for referred pain [1]. Cardiac pain is frequently referred to the medial but not the lateral aspect of the left brachium, and the referred region is identical with the route of the heart meridian, which suggests ...
Sten Grillner
... motor behavior, without the ethical constraints that limits experiments on intact animals or the need to use animals under anesthesia. We then could show that subthreshold activation of MLR indeed released reflex discharges similar to that of DOPA and a suppression of other shortlatency responses. W ...
... motor behavior, without the ethical constraints that limits experiments on intact animals or the need to use animals under anesthesia. We then could show that subthreshold activation of MLR indeed released reflex discharges similar to that of DOPA and a suppression of other shortlatency responses. W ...
PDF
... silver-chromate precipitate along the surface of the tissue, and blotches of precipitate scattered within the parenchyma. Scale bar equals 50 m. (B) Stained Purkinje cells (PC) and deep stellate cell(s) in the molecular layer. Scale bar equals 25 m. ...
... silver-chromate precipitate along the surface of the tissue, and blotches of precipitate scattered within the parenchyma. Scale bar equals 50 m. (B) Stained Purkinje cells (PC) and deep stellate cell(s) in the molecular layer. Scale bar equals 25 m. ...
Opposite rheological properties of neuronal microcompartments
... power law exponent b (Fig. 3D) of both microcompartments were statistically similar for short (Dt 5 850 ms) and long (Dt 5 12 s) force pulses. These results demonstrate that the mechanical behaviors of somas and neurites are time-scale independent, within the range probed. We then measured the force ...
... power law exponent b (Fig. 3D) of both microcompartments were statistically similar for short (Dt 5 850 ms) and long (Dt 5 12 s) force pulses. These results demonstrate that the mechanical behaviors of somas and neurites are time-scale independent, within the range probed. We then measured the force ...
The Morphology of Physiologically Identified GABAergic Neurons in
... reticular nucleus include in their terminal ramifications the dorsal thalamic nucleus from which they receive inputs (Jones, 1975). The thalamocortical axons have been demonstrated to give off collaterals in the reticular nucleus by intracellular injections in relay neurons of the dorsal lateral gen ...
... reticular nucleus include in their terminal ramifications the dorsal thalamic nucleus from which they receive inputs (Jones, 1975). The thalamocortical axons have been demonstrated to give off collaterals in the reticular nucleus by intracellular injections in relay neurons of the dorsal lateral gen ...
Sleep Mar 19 2013x - Lakehead University
... The pontine nucleus, via the thalamus, activate different areas of the cortex, elicit images/emotions, and the cortex attempts to synthesize the disparate images into a coherent whole • This process can account for the often bizarre and nonsensical nature of many dreams; since they are triggered by ...
... The pontine nucleus, via the thalamus, activate different areas of the cortex, elicit images/emotions, and the cortex attempts to synthesize the disparate images into a coherent whole • This process can account for the often bizarre and nonsensical nature of many dreams; since they are triggered by ...
The ventral striatum - Brain imaging of Parkinson`s disease
... The role of ventral striatum in the processes of reward, motivation, and decision-making is now generally accepted based on a broad range of results coming from neuroimaging studies in humans and from local pharmacological disturbances studies in animals, mostly rats. In the rat, it was shown that t ...
... The role of ventral striatum in the processes of reward, motivation, and decision-making is now generally accepted based on a broad range of results coming from neuroimaging studies in humans and from local pharmacological disturbances studies in animals, mostly rats. In the rat, it was shown that t ...
Auditory cortex
... Paul Broca discovered aphasia in the region in frontal lobe important for speech production. Carl Wernicke discovered a region in temporal lobe important for speech perception. Experiments by Blumstein tested phonetic deficits and semantic deficits by providing patients with four choices in the test ...
... Paul Broca discovered aphasia in the region in frontal lobe important for speech production. Carl Wernicke discovered a region in temporal lobe important for speech perception. Experiments by Blumstein tested phonetic deficits and semantic deficits by providing patients with four choices in the test ...
Spinal Cord Review
... vibratory sense ipsilaterally is due to interruption of the posterior white columns (fasciculus gracilis/cuneatus). This is frequently accompanied by a Romberg sign. A normal individual, standing erect with heels together and eyes closed, sways only slightly. Stable posture is achieve by 1) a sense ...
... vibratory sense ipsilaterally is due to interruption of the posterior white columns (fasciculus gracilis/cuneatus). This is frequently accompanied by a Romberg sign. A normal individual, standing erect with heels together and eyes closed, sways only slightly. Stable posture is achieve by 1) a sense ...
Spinal Nerves Posterior View
... – parasympathetic decreases heart rate • blood vessels – sympathetic causes vasoconstriction. Reduced sympathetic response accounts for most vasodilation. – parasympathetic causes some vasodilation (e.g., penis) ...
... – parasympathetic decreases heart rate • blood vessels – sympathetic causes vasoconstriction. Reduced sympathetic response accounts for most vasodilation. – parasympathetic causes some vasodilation (e.g., penis) ...
Spinal Nerves Posterior View
... – parasympathetic decreases heart rate • blood vessels – sympathetic causes vasoconstriction. Reduced sympathetic response accounts for most vasodilation. – parasympathetic causes some vasodilation (e.g., penis) ...
... – parasympathetic decreases heart rate • blood vessels – sympathetic causes vasoconstriction. Reduced sympathetic response accounts for most vasodilation. – parasympathetic causes some vasodilation (e.g., penis) ...
the brain`s concepts: the role of the sensory
... among others. In Fodor’s theory (see Fodor, 1975), the purported amodal nature of concepts draws a sharp dividing line between the modular input/ output brain structures and a generalised cognitive system (unanalysed at the level of the brain), whose functioning rules are totally independent from th ...
... among others. In Fodor’s theory (see Fodor, 1975), the purported amodal nature of concepts draws a sharp dividing line between the modular input/ output brain structures and a generalised cognitive system (unanalysed at the level of the brain), whose functioning rules are totally independent from th ...
the brain`s concepts: the role of the sensory
... among others. In Fodor’s theory (see Fodor, 1975), the purported amodal nature of concepts draws a sharp dividing line between the modular input/ output brain structures and a generalised cognitive system (unanalysed at the level of the brain), whose functioning rules are totally independent from th ...
... among others. In Fodor’s theory (see Fodor, 1975), the purported amodal nature of concepts draws a sharp dividing line between the modular input/ output brain structures and a generalised cognitive system (unanalysed at the level of the brain), whose functioning rules are totally independent from th ...
MR-guided parenchymal delivery of adeno-associated
... hemisphere (a) showed GFP-positive cells in structures that receive thalamic projections like putamen and subthalamic nucleus (anterograde transport, blue arrows), and in brain nuclei that project to thalamus like globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulate (retrograde transport, orange arr ...
... hemisphere (a) showed GFP-positive cells in structures that receive thalamic projections like putamen and subthalamic nucleus (anterograde transport, blue arrows), and in brain nuclei that project to thalamus like globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulate (retrograde transport, orange arr ...
choosing the greater of two goods: neural currencies for valuation
... identified sensory representations as well as decisionrelated signals in areas of the parietal and frontal cortices. At the neural level, differentiating sensory signals from decision-related signals is relatively straightforward. First, sensory signals require the presence of the sensory stimulus, ...
... identified sensory representations as well as decisionrelated signals in areas of the parietal and frontal cortices. At the neural level, differentiating sensory signals from decision-related signals is relatively straightforward. First, sensory signals require the presence of the sensory stimulus, ...
Wired for reproduction: Organization and Development of Sexually
... sex steroid hormones on the phasic secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH), which initiates ovulation in female mammals (see Gerall & Givon 1992 for review). Treatment of ovariectomized adult female rats with estrogen causes a massive surge in LH secretion, yet similar treatments in males fail to indu ...
... sex steroid hormones on the phasic secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH), which initiates ovulation in female mammals (see Gerall & Givon 1992 for review). Treatment of ovariectomized adult female rats with estrogen causes a massive surge in LH secretion, yet similar treatments in males fail to indu ...
ORIGIN OF THE PERICELLULAR BASKETS OF THE PYRAMIDAL
... neuron. The vertical dendrites (Figs. 5-7) are a prominent feature of the cortical basket cells. The superior vertical dendrite crosses layer III and terminates in layer II. The inferior vertical dendrite crosses the layer V and terminates in layer VI. Both of these dendrites may measure up to sever ...
... neuron. The vertical dendrites (Figs. 5-7) are a prominent feature of the cortical basket cells. The superior vertical dendrite crosses layer III and terminates in layer II. The inferior vertical dendrite crosses the layer V and terminates in layer VI. Both of these dendrites may measure up to sever ...
The thalamus as a monitor of motor outputs
... If, however, it is seen as an input to the midbrain, which is concerned with the control of head and eye movements, then one is likely to be interested in a different set of properties that relate to features like movement vectors, etc. In practice, the retinofugal axon is more likely to be viewed i ...
... If, however, it is seen as an input to the midbrain, which is concerned with the control of head and eye movements, then one is likely to be interested in a different set of properties that relate to features like movement vectors, etc. In practice, the retinofugal axon is more likely to be viewed i ...
Action Potentials in Earthworms
... Experiment AN-4: Action Potentials in Earthworms Background In the resting cell, the permeability of the membrane to potassium (PK) is greater than its permeability to sodium (PNa). Stimulation, like synaptic activity coming from other nerve cells, can depolarize (make less negative) the cell membra ...
... Experiment AN-4: Action Potentials in Earthworms Background In the resting cell, the permeability of the membrane to potassium (PK) is greater than its permeability to sodium (PNa). Stimulation, like synaptic activity coming from other nerve cells, can depolarize (make less negative) the cell membra ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.