2. Aim of the thesis
... As a marker of cholinergic neurons we also investigated the expression of the Lymnaea vesicular acetylcholine transporter (LVAChT). Also the expression of LVAChT is detected in all ganglia and involves approximately 10% of the neurons of the CNS. The relatively high expression levels of many LnAChR ...
... As a marker of cholinergic neurons we also investigated the expression of the Lymnaea vesicular acetylcholine transporter (LVAChT). Also the expression of LVAChT is detected in all ganglia and involves approximately 10% of the neurons of the CNS. The relatively high expression levels of many LnAChR ...
Cerebellar Affective Syndrome Expanding Our Thinking About the
... Entirely afferent fibers originating within the pontine nuclei as part of the cerebral cortex>pons>cerebellar tract. ...
... Entirely afferent fibers originating within the pontine nuclei as part of the cerebral cortex>pons>cerebellar tract. ...
Slides
... Slow variables represent activation variables of hyperpolarizing K+ currents. However, similar behavior could be achieved by defining slow variables in other ways, such as inactivation variables of depolarizing currents or as a combination of activation and deactivation Behaviors not restricted ...
... Slow variables represent activation variables of hyperpolarizing K+ currents. However, similar behavior could be achieved by defining slow variables in other ways, such as inactivation variables of depolarizing currents or as a combination of activation and deactivation Behaviors not restricted ...
PAIN CONTROL THEORIES
... • Chemical substances that allow nerve impulses to move from one neuron to another • Found in synapses – Substance P - thought to be responsible for the transmission of painproducing impulses – Acetylcholine – responsible for transmitting motor nerve impulses – Enkephalins – reduces pain perception ...
... • Chemical substances that allow nerve impulses to move from one neuron to another • Found in synapses – Substance P - thought to be responsible for the transmission of painproducing impulses – Acetylcholine – responsible for transmitting motor nerve impulses – Enkephalins – reduces pain perception ...
Morphology, Deep cerebellar nuclei, C. gambianus
... nuclei in mammals are collectively referred to as nucleus interpositus or interposed nucleus (IN), particularly in lower mammals [7, 9]. Emboliform nucleus is a wedge-shaped cell mass situated close to the hilus of the DN, and composed of cells similar to those found in the DN [6]. In lower mammals, ...
... nuclei in mammals are collectively referred to as nucleus interpositus or interposed nucleus (IN), particularly in lower mammals [7, 9]. Emboliform nucleus is a wedge-shaped cell mass situated close to the hilus of the DN, and composed of cells similar to those found in the DN [6]. In lower mammals, ...
Focal local field potential (LFP) signature of the single
... to investigate neural network activity. To probe monosynaptic thalamic activation of cortical postsynaptic target cells, so called spike-trigger-averaged LFP (stLFP) signatures have been measured. In these experiments the cortical LFP is measured by means of multielectrodes covering several cortical ...
... to investigate neural network activity. To probe monosynaptic thalamic activation of cortical postsynaptic target cells, so called spike-trigger-averaged LFP (stLFP) signatures have been measured. In these experiments the cortical LFP is measured by means of multielectrodes covering several cortical ...
Mirroring others` emotions relates to empathy and
... internal simulation of others’ emotions via this mechanism is also thought to support our ability to empathize with others — particularly the affective (“I feel what you feel”) aspects of empathy (for a distinction between emotional and cognitive perspective-taking components of empathy, see Baron-C ...
... internal simulation of others’ emotions via this mechanism is also thought to support our ability to empathize with others — particularly the affective (“I feel what you feel”) aspects of empathy (for a distinction between emotional and cognitive perspective-taking components of empathy, see Baron-C ...
Focal local field potential (LFP) signature of the single
... to investigate neural network activity. To probe monosynaptic thalamic activation of cortical postsynaptic target cells, so called spike-trigger-averaged LFP (stLFP) signatures have been measured. In these experiments the cortical LFP is measured by means of multielectrodes covering several cortical ...
... to investigate neural network activity. To probe monosynaptic thalamic activation of cortical postsynaptic target cells, so called spike-trigger-averaged LFP (stLFP) signatures have been measured. In these experiments the cortical LFP is measured by means of multielectrodes covering several cortical ...
1From neuronal activity to scalp potential fields - Assets
... potentials15 . These reflect neural mass activity due to linear superposition of those fields which do not form closed field current loops. In brain regions such as the neocortex, this extracellular activity is synchronized well beyond the sub-millimeter scale and reflects summation of excitatory or ...
... potentials15 . These reflect neural mass activity due to linear superposition of those fields which do not form closed field current loops. In brain regions such as the neocortex, this extracellular activity is synchronized well beyond the sub-millimeter scale and reflects summation of excitatory or ...
connections of the hypothalamus and preoptic area with nuclei of
... following selective injeotions into the posterior part of the cortical nucleus (Fig. 4, R76). After injections into other amygdaloid nuclei no HlZP labeled cells were seen in the vent.r8al plremammillary nucleus (F'ig. 4, R95, R94, R60 and Fig. 5, R20). The HRP labeled cells in the posterior hypotha ...
... following selective injeotions into the posterior part of the cortical nucleus (Fig. 4, R76). After injections into other amygdaloid nuclei no HlZP labeled cells were seen in the vent.r8al plremammillary nucleus (F'ig. 4, R95, R94, R60 and Fig. 5, R20). The HRP labeled cells in the posterior hypotha ...
Superior Frontal Gyrus Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus Superior
... poorly when the sound is in the contralateral sound field. The large calyceal synapses between the globular bushy axons and the MNTB cells are very unusual one and can be seen prominently in Fig. 1. It is often said to be the largest synapse in the brain. The presynaptic element is so large that rec ...
... poorly when the sound is in the contralateral sound field. The large calyceal synapses between the globular bushy axons and the MNTB cells are very unusual one and can be seen prominently in Fig. 1. It is often said to be the largest synapse in the brain. The presynaptic element is so large that rec ...
Brain - American Museum of Natural History
... stronger they become. And unused connections weaken and fade away. The adolescent brain is still strengthening connections between its reasoning and emotion-related regions. In addition, the reward center of the brain is more active during adolescence than in adulthood. These findings would explain w ...
... stronger they become. And unused connections weaken and fade away. The adolescent brain is still strengthening connections between its reasoning and emotion-related regions. In addition, the reward center of the brain is more active during adolescence than in adulthood. These findings would explain w ...
Early Neuronal Loss and Axonal/Presynaptic Damage is Associated
... Abstract. The progressive cognitive decline leading to dementia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients is the consequence of a severe loss of synapses and neurons affecting particular cell subpopulations in selected brain areas, with the subiculum being one of the earliest regions displaying severe at ...
... Abstract. The progressive cognitive decline leading to dementia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients is the consequence of a severe loss of synapses and neurons affecting particular cell subpopulations in selected brain areas, with the subiculum being one of the earliest regions displaying severe at ...
Poly(A) Binding Protein Nuclear 1 regulates the
... Pabpn1 knock down interferes with homeostatic plasticity Given the above regulation of both Camk2a and Gria2, we next determined whether Pabpn1 and polyadenylation play a role in homeostatic plasticity. We elicited homeostatic plasticity using a 24 hours treatment of bicuculline a gammaaminobutyric ...
... Pabpn1 knock down interferes with homeostatic plasticity Given the above regulation of both Camk2a and Gria2, we next determined whether Pabpn1 and polyadenylation play a role in homeostatic plasticity. We elicited homeostatic plasticity using a 24 hours treatment of bicuculline a gammaaminobutyric ...
Modelling Neuronal Mechanisms of the Processing of Tones and System
... Surely the reader has heard of the problem of auditory stream segregation, or perhaps the colloquial term cocktail party problem or even the technical term source separation problem is more familiar. Be that as it may, these terms essentially all concern the same problem — how is a listener able to ...
... Surely the reader has heard of the problem of auditory stream segregation, or perhaps the colloquial term cocktail party problem or even the technical term source separation problem is more familiar. Be that as it may, these terms essentially all concern the same problem — how is a listener able to ...
Supplementary Motor Area and Presupplementary Motor Area
... more rostrally located presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA) (Luppino et al., 1991; Matsuzaka et al., 1992; Picard and Strick, 1996, 2001) [for additional references and review, see Tanji (1994, 1996)]. The results of imaging studies in humans strongly support this subdivision. In general, activatio ...
... more rostrally located presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA) (Luppino et al., 1991; Matsuzaka et al., 1992; Picard and Strick, 1996, 2001) [for additional references and review, see Tanji (1994, 1996)]. The results of imaging studies in humans strongly support this subdivision. In general, activatio ...
Dynamics of sensory processing in the dual olfactory pathway of the
... Rössler and Zube 2011). The third group of multiglomerular PNs branch in several glomeruli, and their projections travel along distinct tracts mainly to the protocerebrum (for review, see Galizia and Rössler 2010). While the basic anatomy of the olfactory system is conserved across different insect ...
... Rössler and Zube 2011). The third group of multiglomerular PNs branch in several glomeruli, and their projections travel along distinct tracts mainly to the protocerebrum (for review, see Galizia and Rössler 2010). While the basic anatomy of the olfactory system is conserved across different insect ...
Section 1: Anatomy of the sensorimotor system
... thalamic inputs (36%), mainly from the ventrolateral (VL) and ventral anterior (VA) groups of nuclei. These connections indirectly provide M1 with information from the basal ganglia via VA and the cerebellum via VL (Figure 1.11, Section 1.3). ...
... thalamic inputs (36%), mainly from the ventrolateral (VL) and ventral anterior (VA) groups of nuclei. These connections indirectly provide M1 with information from the basal ganglia via VA and the cerebellum via VL (Figure 1.11, Section 1.3). ...
The dual nature of time preparation: neural
... single pulse TMS was delivered, over the hand area of the left motor cortex (M1), according to seven stimulation times distributed either during the preparatory period or during the RT. Note that when the stimulation was delivered during the foreperiod, the subjects were unaware as to the effector i ...
... single pulse TMS was delivered, over the hand area of the left motor cortex (M1), according to seven stimulation times distributed either during the preparatory period or during the RT. Note that when the stimulation was delivered during the foreperiod, the subjects were unaware as to the effector i ...
Quasi-isometric Representation of Three Dimensional
... Correspondence with the LSM theory • The neural network may be treated as a liquid • The readout function receives only the current state of the liquid and transforms it to an output signal • The system can perform several tasks simultaneously ...
... Correspondence with the LSM theory • The neural network may be treated as a liquid • The readout function receives only the current state of the liquid and transforms it to an output signal • The system can perform several tasks simultaneously ...
Decoding a Temporal Population Code
... The transformation stage consists of a neural network, the liquid, which performs real-time computations on time-varying continuous inputs. It is a generic circuit of recurrently connected integrate-and-fire neurons coupled with synapses that show frequency-dependent adaptation (Markram, Wang, & Tso ...
... The transformation stage consists of a neural network, the liquid, which performs real-time computations on time-varying continuous inputs. It is a generic circuit of recurrently connected integrate-and-fire neurons coupled with synapses that show frequency-dependent adaptation (Markram, Wang, & Tso ...
Functional Organization of the Cat Visual Cortex in Relation to the
... enabling visualization of the spatial arrangement of the orientation-preference map have revealed the presence of both linear zones, where orientation preference gradually changes, and singular points and fractures, where orientation preference rapidly changes (Blasdel 1992; Bonhoeffer and Grinvald ...
... enabling visualization of the spatial arrangement of the orientation-preference map have revealed the presence of both linear zones, where orientation preference gradually changes, and singular points and fractures, where orientation preference rapidly changes (Blasdel 1992; Bonhoeffer and Grinvald ...
Cicc4e_02-FINAL_PPT
... What are the different structures of the hindbrain and what do they do? What are the structures of the brain that control emotion, learning, memory, and ...
... What are the different structures of the hindbrain and what do they do? What are the structures of the brain that control emotion, learning, memory, and ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.