11-1 FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 1. Sensory input
... B. The motor, or efferent, division carries action potentials FROM the CNS to effector organs and can be divided into two parts. 1) The somatic nervous system innervates skeletal muscle. It is usually under voluntary conscious control, although reflexes are involuntary. 2) The autonomic nervous syst ...
... B. The motor, or efferent, division carries action potentials FROM the CNS to effector organs and can be divided into two parts. 1) The somatic nervous system innervates skeletal muscle. It is usually under voluntary conscious control, although reflexes are involuntary. 2) The autonomic nervous syst ...
Antennal Mechanosensory Neurons Mediate Wing Motor Reflexes
... expression in individual flies, we inspected each fly’s brain after the experiment using a 2-photon microscope and confirmed that EGFPlabeled JO neurons are not present, but EGFP signal could be detected in other central neurons driven by the JO-AB/JO-CE GAL4 driver. In these experiments, the progen ...
... expression in individual flies, we inspected each fly’s brain after the experiment using a 2-photon microscope and confirmed that EGFPlabeled JO neurons are not present, but EGFP signal could be detected in other central neurons driven by the JO-AB/JO-CE GAL4 driver. In these experiments, the progen ...
Rebound spiking properties of mouse medial entorhinal cortex neurons in vivo NEUROSYSTEMS
... soma was labelled, although the dendrites were not labelled. In seven cells, multiple cells were labelled probably because of the leak of internal solution. In this case, the layer of the recorded cell was estimated by the position of the multiple-labelled cells. In one cell, no cell was labelled, a ...
... soma was labelled, although the dendrites were not labelled. In seven cells, multiple cells were labelled probably because of the leak of internal solution. In this case, the layer of the recorded cell was estimated by the position of the multiple-labelled cells. In one cell, no cell was labelled, a ...
Neuroanatomical characteristics of deep and superficial needling
... believed to exert its effects through sensory afferent stimulation. Although we are unable to assess, based on the present results, whether acupuncture works via stimulation of motor nerves, as the study was neuroanatomical rather than neurofunctional in nature, it is clear that tracer can be transp ...
... believed to exert its effects through sensory afferent stimulation. Although we are unable to assess, based on the present results, whether acupuncture works via stimulation of motor nerves, as the study was neuroanatomical rather than neurofunctional in nature, it is clear that tracer can be transp ...
Surface-view connectivity patterns of area 18 in cats
... reflected the caudal-most position of the FB injection, and other patches of labeled cells were aligned with their associated tracers. Thus, for connections of area 17, area 19, and the suprasylvian region, groups of patches of neurons progressed in a rostrocaudal sequence that corresponded to the o ...
... reflected the caudal-most position of the FB injection, and other patches of labeled cells were aligned with their associated tracers. Thus, for connections of area 17, area 19, and the suprasylvian region, groups of patches of neurons progressed in a rostrocaudal sequence that corresponded to the o ...
spinal cord - Zanichelli
... CNS: other parts of the brain The diencephalon is composed by the hypothalamus, which controls homeostasis, and the thalamus which sends sensory inputs to the cerebrum. The cerebellum receives signals from eyes, ears and muscles and coordinates skeletal muscle contractions. The impulses to the moto ...
... CNS: other parts of the brain The diencephalon is composed by the hypothalamus, which controls homeostasis, and the thalamus which sends sensory inputs to the cerebrum. The cerebellum receives signals from eyes, ears and muscles and coordinates skeletal muscle contractions. The impulses to the moto ...
Respiratory Physiology during Sleep
... • During sleep, the hypercapnic ventilatory response and hypoxic ventilatory response are reduced during NREM compared with wake and decreased in REM sleep compared with NREM sleep . • Both hypoxia and hypercapnea may trigger arousals from sleep, resulting in a return to the more tightly regulated ...
... • During sleep, the hypercapnic ventilatory response and hypoxic ventilatory response are reduced during NREM compared with wake and decreased in REM sleep compared with NREM sleep . • Both hypoxia and hypercapnea may trigger arousals from sleep, resulting in a return to the more tightly regulated ...
Molecular Analysis of Developmental Plasticity in Neocortex
... (Bliss and Collingridge, 1993). NO effects hippocampal LTP in vivo and in vitro (O’Dell et al., 1991; Schuman and Madison, 1991; Son et al., 1996). In the developing visual system, blockade of NOS activity inhibits segregation of retinogeniculate axons into ON-OFF sublaminae (Cramer et al., 1996), a ...
... (Bliss and Collingridge, 1993). NO effects hippocampal LTP in vivo and in vitro (O’Dell et al., 1991; Schuman and Madison, 1991; Son et al., 1996). In the developing visual system, blockade of NOS activity inhibits segregation of retinogeniculate axons into ON-OFF sublaminae (Cramer et al., 1996), a ...
3 Implementation of Language Model Based on Mirror Neuron System
... GaussConnection.h/cpp) implements simple topographical connections with Gaussian kernels. A further derived class TMBlankTopoConnection (defined in module BlankTopoConnection.h/cpp) provides an interface to TMTopoConnection in order to allow a more convenient derivation of further connection classes ...
... GaussConnection.h/cpp) implements simple topographical connections with Gaussian kernels. A further derived class TMBlankTopoConnection (defined in module BlankTopoConnection.h/cpp) provides an interface to TMTopoConnection in order to allow a more convenient derivation of further connection classes ...
Representation of Events in Nerve Nets and Finite Automata
... We shall see later (Section 5.5) that there is no loss of generality in considering the representation, in the case of ·nerve nets, to have the simple form of the firing (or sometimes the non-firing instead) at a certain time of a certain neuron. Por explaining response as due to stimulus., 1 t woul ...
... We shall see later (Section 5.5) that there is no loss of generality in considering the representation, in the case of ·nerve nets, to have the simple form of the firing (or sometimes the non-firing instead) at a certain time of a certain neuron. Por explaining response as due to stimulus., 1 t woul ...
Projection patterns from the amygdaloid nuclear complex to
... sagittal and transverse sinuses. We approached the DR vertically at midbrain and pontine levels by dual ligation and midline incision of the superior sagittal sinus and thus, were able to inject the tracer within the narrow confines of each DR subdivision. Scarcity of retrogradely labeled cells with ...
... sagittal and transverse sinuses. We approached the DR vertically at midbrain and pontine levels by dual ligation and midline incision of the superior sagittal sinus and thus, were able to inject the tracer within the narrow confines of each DR subdivision. Scarcity of retrogradely labeled cells with ...
Projections of the amygdala to the thalamus in the cynomolgus
... The projections from the amygdala to the thalamus are currently of great interest for several reasons. First, both regions appear to possess important mnemonic functions. Thus, bilateral temporal-lobe damage involving the amygdala and hippocampus and damage to the medial, periventricular regions of ...
... The projections from the amygdala to the thalamus are currently of great interest for several reasons. First, both regions appear to possess important mnemonic functions. Thus, bilateral temporal-lobe damage involving the amygdala and hippocampus and damage to the medial, periventricular regions of ...
neuroanatomy - NC State Veterinary Medicine
... The occipital lobe occupies the caudal aspect of the cerebral hemispheres. It borders with the parietal lobe dorsorostrally and the temporal lobe laterally. Medially, the left and right occipital lobes meet across the longitudinal fissure between the hemispheres. Caudally the occipital lobes lie aga ...
... The occipital lobe occupies the caudal aspect of the cerebral hemispheres. It borders with the parietal lobe dorsorostrally and the temporal lobe laterally. Medially, the left and right occipital lobes meet across the longitudinal fissure between the hemispheres. Caudally the occipital lobes lie aga ...
the evolution of body and brain, and of sensory
... © J. ALTMAN: NEURAL AND MENTAL EVOLUTION 6.1.2. Simian Somatic Advances. Old World monkeys are generally much larger than prosimians. Whereas the largest prosimians, like the ring-tailed lemur or the aye-aye, weigh no more than about 3 kg, the male long-tailed macaque may weigh up to 12 kg, the Hanu ...
... © J. ALTMAN: NEURAL AND MENTAL EVOLUTION 6.1.2. Simian Somatic Advances. Old World monkeys are generally much larger than prosimians. Whereas the largest prosimians, like the ring-tailed lemur or the aye-aye, weigh no more than about 3 kg, the male long-tailed macaque may weigh up to 12 kg, the Hanu ...
Cholinergic modulation of cognitive processing: insights drawn from computational models Kishan Gupta
... physiology of hippocampal and cortical neurons. Modeling of neural circuits provides a framework for understanding how the cognitive functions may arise from the influence of acetylcholine on neural and network dynamics. We review the influences of cholinergic manipulations on behavioral performance ...
... physiology of hippocampal and cortical neurons. Modeling of neural circuits provides a framework for understanding how the cognitive functions may arise from the influence of acetylcholine on neural and network dynamics. We review the influences of cholinergic manipulations on behavioral performance ...
from ups
... Fig. 2. Example of the determination of the current spread. This cell was intracellularly recorded in the supragranular layer of area 18a. The electrical stimulation was applied in the supragranular layer of area 17. ŽA. Response of the cell to an intracellular current injection. ŽB. activation of t ...
... Fig. 2. Example of the determination of the current spread. This cell was intracellularly recorded in the supragranular layer of area 18a. The electrical stimulation was applied in the supragranular layer of area 17. ŽA. Response of the cell to an intracellular current injection. ŽB. activation of t ...
Regulation or respiration2
... very heavy expiration. Thus, this area operates more or less as an overdrive • mechanism when high levels of pulmonary ventilation are required, especially during heavy exercise. ...
... very heavy expiration. Thus, this area operates more or less as an overdrive • mechanism when high levels of pulmonary ventilation are required, especially during heavy exercise. ...
Psychology Chapter A - Oxford University Press
... which serves to insulate the axon and make the message stronger and faster. In the train example, this is like parts of the railway track being in a better condition than others. The train travels faster and more smoothly on the well-maintained parts of the track around towns, but travels more slowl ...
... which serves to insulate the axon and make the message stronger and faster. In the train example, this is like parts of the railway track being in a better condition than others. The train travels faster and more smoothly on the well-maintained parts of the track around towns, but travels more slowl ...
The Somatosensory System: Receptors and Central Pathways
... proprioception terminate in a nonneural capsule. They sense mechanical stimuli that indent or otherwise physically deform the receptive surface. In contrast the peripheral axons of neurons that detect noxious, thermal, or chemical events have unsheathed endings with multiple branches. When a somatic ...
... proprioception terminate in a nonneural capsule. They sense mechanical stimuli that indent or otherwise physically deform the receptive surface. In contrast the peripheral axons of neurons that detect noxious, thermal, or chemical events have unsheathed endings with multiple branches. When a somatic ...
Mechanisms for generating and compensating for the
... gaze position, microsaccades can be understood by relating them to the larger voluntary saccades, which abruptly shift gaze position. Starting from this approach to microsaccade analysis, I show how it can lead to significant insight about the generation and functional role of these eye movements. L ...
... gaze position, microsaccades can be understood by relating them to the larger voluntary saccades, which abruptly shift gaze position. Starting from this approach to microsaccade analysis, I show how it can lead to significant insight about the generation and functional role of these eye movements. L ...
Diencephalon and Hypothalamus
... b. Recent work indicates that stimulation of the subthalamus in cats inhibits the micturition reflex and thus this nucleus may also be involved in neural control of micturition. c. Stimulation of the subthalamus provides the most effective treatment for late-stage Parkinson’s disease in humans. ...
... b. Recent work indicates that stimulation of the subthalamus in cats inhibits the micturition reflex and thus this nucleus may also be involved in neural control of micturition. c. Stimulation of the subthalamus provides the most effective treatment for late-stage Parkinson’s disease in humans. ...
human medial temporal lobe Selectivity of pyramidal cells and
... the medial temporal lobe (MTL) respond selectively to pictures of specific individuals, objects, and places. However, the underlying mechanisms leading to such degree of stimulus selectivity are largely unknown. A necessary step to move forward in this direction involves the identification and chara ...
... the medial temporal lobe (MTL) respond selectively to pictures of specific individuals, objects, and places. However, the underlying mechanisms leading to such degree of stimulus selectivity are largely unknown. A necessary step to move forward in this direction involves the identification and chara ...
Unique features of the human brainstem and cerebellum
... 2001; Hoover and Strick, 1999; Dum and Strick, 2003; Kelly and Strick, 2003; Akkal et al., 2007). In addition to its contribution to cortical function, the cerebellum also can influence motor control by projections to brainstem structures like the vestibular nuclei that in turn affect movement (Lang ...
... 2001; Hoover and Strick, 1999; Dum and Strick, 2003; Kelly and Strick, 2003; Akkal et al., 2007). In addition to its contribution to cortical function, the cerebellum also can influence motor control by projections to brainstem structures like the vestibular nuclei that in turn affect movement (Lang ...
This article was originally published in the
... stimulation of cingulate cortex during surgical procedures can elicit uncontrolled hand movements. Together, these results demonstrate that motor representations within the cingulate motor areas are effector specific. One important aspect of motor selection subserved by the cingulate cortex is the c ...
... stimulation of cingulate cortex during surgical procedures can elicit uncontrolled hand movements. Together, these results demonstrate that motor representations within the cingulate motor areas are effector specific. One important aspect of motor selection subserved by the cingulate cortex is the c ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.