Connectivity of the human pedunculopontine nucleus region and
... which has directional organization, diffusion varies in different directions, and in areas of coherent fiber organization the principal diffusion direction corresponds to the underlying fiber direction.3,4 Therefore, by following estimates of the principal direction of diffusion it is possible to re ...
... which has directional organization, diffusion varies in different directions, and in areas of coherent fiber organization the principal diffusion direction corresponds to the underlying fiber direction.3,4 Therefore, by following estimates of the principal direction of diffusion it is possible to re ...
Feeding in an Artificial Insect
... reactive. The response of an animal to food, for example, cannot be explained only in terms of the physical stimuli involved. On two different occasions, the very same animal may behave in completely different ways when presented with seemingly identical pieces of food (e.g. hungrily consuming it in ...
... reactive. The response of an animal to food, for example, cannot be explained only in terms of the physical stimuli involved. On two different occasions, the very same animal may behave in completely different ways when presented with seemingly identical pieces of food (e.g. hungrily consuming it in ...
Input evoked nonlinearities in silicon dendritic circuits
... Pyramidal cells in neocortex and hippocampus have highly complicated dendritic structures, but the computational contribution of the dendritic tree in neuronal processing is still elusive. Experimental evidence suggests that individual dendritic branches can be considered as independent computationa ...
... Pyramidal cells in neocortex and hippocampus have highly complicated dendritic structures, but the computational contribution of the dendritic tree in neuronal processing is still elusive. Experimental evidence suggests that individual dendritic branches can be considered as independent computationa ...
Neurosurgery: Functional Regeneration after Laser Axotomy
... repetition rate. The laser energy on the specimen can be precisely varied using two attenuators. Each attenuator involves an electronically controlled rotating half-wave plate that rotates the polarization of the laser beam and a cube beam splitter in which the intensity of the transmitted light dep ...
... repetition rate. The laser energy on the specimen can be precisely varied using two attenuators. Each attenuator involves an electronically controlled rotating half-wave plate that rotates the polarization of the laser beam and a cube beam splitter in which the intensity of the transmitted light dep ...
Overlapping representation of primary tastes in a defined
... to bregma to 1.5 mm posterior to bregma (Figure 1E). We also found consistent tasteevoked (QHCl) c-fos labeling in regions containing labeled thalamic fibers, further demonstrating the labeled area is GC (Figure 1G). As previous imaging studies focused on an anatomically defined region of GC delinea ...
... to bregma to 1.5 mm posterior to bregma (Figure 1E). We also found consistent tasteevoked (QHCl) c-fos labeling in regions containing labeled thalamic fibers, further demonstrating the labeled area is GC (Figure 1G). As previous imaging studies focused on an anatomically defined region of GC delinea ...
Slide 1
... What Are the Nervous System, Neurons, and Nerves? How Neurons Use Neurotransmitters to Communicate How the Brain and Spinal Cord Interact Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems How Hormones Interact with the Nervous System and Affect ...
... What Are the Nervous System, Neurons, and Nerves? How Neurons Use Neurotransmitters to Communicate How the Brain and Spinal Cord Interact Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems How Hormones Interact with the Nervous System and Affect ...
Hindbrain catecholamine neurons mediate
... feeding, then, the same hypothalamic DSAP injection should effectively eliminate both phases of the glucoprivic feeding response. However, if noncatecholaminergic neurons, or catecholaminergic neurons that do not project to the medial hypothalamus, elicit the consummatory response to glucoprivation, ...
... feeding, then, the same hypothalamic DSAP injection should effectively eliminate both phases of the glucoprivic feeding response. However, if noncatecholaminergic neurons, or catecholaminergic neurons that do not project to the medial hypothalamus, elicit the consummatory response to glucoprivation, ...
Olfaction in Invertebrates: Manduca. In: Squire LR (ed). Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, vol 7, pp 49-57. Oxford: Academic Press.
... olfaction research are the facts that odor processing can be studied through learning tests, with odor as an appetitive stimulus, and that odor-induced neural excitation can be monitored both at the single-neuron level and at the neural network level. A total of 60 000 olfactory receptor neurons (OR ...
... olfaction research are the facts that odor processing can be studied through learning tests, with odor as an appetitive stimulus, and that odor-induced neural excitation can be monitored both at the single-neuron level and at the neural network level. A total of 60 000 olfactory receptor neurons (OR ...
The Biology of Mind - American International School
... impulse, called the action potential—a brief electrical charge that travels down its axon. Depending on the type of fiber, a neural impulse travels at speeds ranging from a sluggish 2 miles per hour to a breakneck 180 miles per hour. But even this top speed is 3 million times slower than that of ele ...
... impulse, called the action potential—a brief electrical charge that travels down its axon. Depending on the type of fiber, a neural impulse travels at speeds ranging from a sluggish 2 miles per hour to a breakneck 180 miles per hour. But even this top speed is 3 million times slower than that of ele ...
The Nervous System
... continues to move toward the cell body 8. Impulses travel faster when fibers have a myelin sheath ...
... continues to move toward the cell body 8. Impulses travel faster when fibers have a myelin sheath ...
Flow of information for emotions through temporal and orbitofrontal pathways REVIEW
... The posterior orbitofrontal cortex, anterior temporal sensory association areas and the amygdala have a key role in emotional processing and are robustly interconnected. By analogy with the pattern of connections in early processing sensory areas, anterior temporal sensory and polymodal association ...
... The posterior orbitofrontal cortex, anterior temporal sensory association areas and the amygdala have a key role in emotional processing and are robustly interconnected. By analogy with the pattern of connections in early processing sensory areas, anterior temporal sensory and polymodal association ...
Differential Spatial Organization of Otolith Signals in Frog Vestibular
... (Straka et al. 2001). Thus it is possible that 2° canal and 2° otolith neurons of all types are segmentally organized (Baker 1998; Straka et al. 2001; Suwa et al. 1999). Although rhombomeres generally are evident only during embryonic stages, all cranial nerve efferent neurons in ranid frogs reside ...
... (Straka et al. 2001). Thus it is possible that 2° canal and 2° otolith neurons of all types are segmentally organized (Baker 1998; Straka et al. 2001; Suwa et al. 1999). Although rhombomeres generally are evident only during embryonic stages, all cranial nerve efferent neurons in ranid frogs reside ...
Arbib, 2008 - Semantic Scholar
... of a novel action to add that action to its repertoire. Thus, we hypothesize that evolution embeds a monkey-like mirror system in more powerful systems in the next two stages. S3: A simple imitation system for grasping, shared with the common ancestor of human and apes. S4: A complex imitation s ...
... of a novel action to add that action to its repertoire. Thus, we hypothesize that evolution embeds a monkey-like mirror system in more powerful systems in the next two stages. S3: A simple imitation system for grasping, shared with the common ancestor of human and apes. S4: A complex imitation s ...
Full Article - CIHR Research Group in Sensory
... the dSC. Data are plotted as the cumulative probability of the differences between the mean response elicited in the Valid condition subtracted from that in the Invalid condition on a neuron-by-neuron basis. The majority of neurons showed stronger responses in the Invalid condition, as indicated by ...
... the dSC. Data are plotted as the cumulative probability of the differences between the mean response elicited in the Valid condition subtracted from that in the Invalid condition on a neuron-by-neuron basis. The majority of neurons showed stronger responses in the Invalid condition, as indicated by ...
Ativity 13 - PCC - Portland Community College
... • Complex reflex that consists of an ipsilateral withdrawal reflex and a contralateral extensor reflex • This keeps you from falling over, for example if you step on something painful. When you pull your foot back, the other leg responds to hold you up. ...
... • Complex reflex that consists of an ipsilateral withdrawal reflex and a contralateral extensor reflex • This keeps you from falling over, for example if you step on something painful. When you pull your foot back, the other leg responds to hold you up. ...
Muscle Contraction
... to motoneurons in the spinal cord. • Stimulation has a generalized inhibitory effect on both flexor and extensor muscles, with the predominant effect on extensors. • The lateral vestibulospinal tract originates in the lateral vestibular nucleus (Deiters' nucleus) and projects to ipsilateral motoneur ...
... to motoneurons in the spinal cord. • Stimulation has a generalized inhibitory effect on both flexor and extensor muscles, with the predominant effect on extensors. • The lateral vestibulospinal tract originates in the lateral vestibular nucleus (Deiters' nucleus) and projects to ipsilateral motoneur ...
Dendritic Computation - UCSD Cognitive Science
... dendrites might be beneficial because they enable the spatial separation of inputs to minimize their interaction. In some cases, however, this possible sublinear summation may actually be advantageous (Agmon-Snir et al. 1998, section on coincidence detection in auditory neurons, p. 519) (see Figure ...
... dendrites might be beneficial because they enable the spatial separation of inputs to minimize their interaction. In some cases, however, this possible sublinear summation may actually be advantageous (Agmon-Snir et al. 1998, section on coincidence detection in auditory neurons, p. 519) (see Figure ...
Hippocampal Formation
... of the brain is the fornix, the white matter pathway connecting the hippocampal formation to various subcortical structures and providing some output to prefrontal cortex. Via this pathway and other routes the hippocampal formation receives modulatory input from dopamine, norepinephrine (adrenaline) ...
... of the brain is the fornix, the white matter pathway connecting the hippocampal formation to various subcortical structures and providing some output to prefrontal cortex. Via this pathway and other routes the hippocampal formation receives modulatory input from dopamine, norepinephrine (adrenaline) ...
Finally, the peak firing rate within any one place field of a single cell
... cortex, appear to be much denser (involving a larger proportion of neurons at any given time), which is thought to be beneficial for generalization (McClelland et al., 1995), an important characteristic of the kind of representational learning that the neocortex may be engaged in. On the other hand, ...
... cortex, appear to be much denser (involving a larger proportion of neurons at any given time), which is thought to be beneficial for generalization (McClelland et al., 1995), an important characteristic of the kind of representational learning that the neocortex may be engaged in. On the other hand, ...
Genesis and Control of the Respiratory Rhythm in Adult
... However, this model does not fit several experimental findings. First, the existence of an active expiration may be questioned at rest and under anesthesia. In addition, in artificially ventilated cats, extensive elimination of neurons in the VRG and DRG areas depresses the amplitude of the inspirat ...
... However, this model does not fit several experimental findings. First, the existence of an active expiration may be questioned at rest and under anesthesia. In addition, in artificially ventilated cats, extensive elimination of neurons in the VRG and DRG areas depresses the amplitude of the inspirat ...
Review Energy limitation as a selective pressure on the evolution of
... are equally applicable throughout the nervous system. Examples are taken from a wide range of sensory modalities in both vertebrates and invertebrates. We aim to place the studies we review into an evolutionary framework. We combine experimentally determined measures of energy consumption from whole ...
... are equally applicable throughout the nervous system. Examples are taken from a wide range of sensory modalities in both vertebrates and invertebrates. We aim to place the studies we review into an evolutionary framework. We combine experimentally determined measures of energy consumption from whole ...
Plasticity of Sensory and Motor Maps in Adult Mammals
... To date, the bulk of the evidence for plasticity in maps stems from experiments in the somatosensory system. Thus, "Are other sensory and motor systems capable of reorganization?" Recent experiments on the motor, visual and auditory systems suggest that the capacity to rcorganizc characterizes all c ...
... To date, the bulk of the evidence for plasticity in maps stems from experiments in the somatosensory system. Thus, "Are other sensory and motor systems capable of reorganization?" Recent experiments on the motor, visual and auditory systems suggest that the capacity to rcorganizc characterizes all c ...
Shapes and Level Tolerances of Frequency Tuning Curves in
... in auditory nerve (AN) fiber eFTCs (e.g., Kiang et al. 1967) indicate that more AN fibers will respond to a loud lowfrequency sound than a loud high-frequency sound. This type of population code cannot simply be determined by sharpness measures, such as bandwidths or quality (Q) factors, but rather ...
... in auditory nerve (AN) fiber eFTCs (e.g., Kiang et al. 1967) indicate that more AN fibers will respond to a loud lowfrequency sound than a loud high-frequency sound. This type of population code cannot simply be determined by sharpness measures, such as bandwidths or quality (Q) factors, but rather ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.