Joseph and Heberlein 1 Tissue-specific Activation of a
... and choose to lay eggs on substrates they may find aversive in other contexts. We employed neurogenetic techniques to characterize neurons that influence the choice between repulsive positional and attractive egg-laying responses towards the bittertasting compound lobeline. Surprisingly, we found th ...
... and choose to lay eggs on substrates they may find aversive in other contexts. We employed neurogenetic techniques to characterize neurons that influence the choice between repulsive positional and attractive egg-laying responses towards the bittertasting compound lobeline. Surprisingly, we found th ...
Delineation of motoneuron subgroups supplying
... Eye movements are essential for vision, because they direct the fovea to a visual target, and stabilize gaze during locomotion to compensate for head and body movements (Leigh and Zee, 2006; Horn and Leigh, 2011). The motor and premotor pathways for several eye movement types, e.g. saccades and the ...
... Eye movements are essential for vision, because they direct the fovea to a visual target, and stabilize gaze during locomotion to compensate for head and body movements (Leigh and Zee, 2006; Horn and Leigh, 2011). The motor and premotor pathways for several eye movement types, e.g. saccades and the ...
Lateral Hypothalamus Contains Two Types of Palatability
... Recording sessions typically lasted less than an hour and consisted of 15–20 repeats of each of the five taste stimuli, for a total of 75–100 separate taste deliveries. We have previously shown that palatability and neural responses are stable across this length of session and volume of fluid consum ...
... Recording sessions typically lasted less than an hour and consisted of 15–20 repeats of each of the five taste stimuli, for a total of 75–100 separate taste deliveries. We have previously shown that palatability and neural responses are stable across this length of session and volume of fluid consum ...
The Physiology of the Senses Lecture 6 Visually Guided Actions
... Recall that the ventral stream is subject coded in a somatotopic frame. C: The auditory system to perspective illusions. The length of line may initially codes sound location in a head centered frame. not be what we perceive them to be. The dorsal stream is not subject to these illusions. This makes ...
... Recall that the ventral stream is subject coded in a somatotopic frame. C: The auditory system to perspective illusions. The length of line may initially codes sound location in a head centered frame. not be what we perceive them to be. The dorsal stream is not subject to these illusions. This makes ...
neurophysics.ucsd.edu
... generation of sniffing [20], although the exact circuit mechanism by which the higher frequencies for sniffing are generated remains unknown [19]. Similarly, the pre-BötC is likely to be the key CPG for upper airway control during breathing, and is also involved in other breathing-related rhythms s ...
... generation of sniffing [20], although the exact circuit mechanism by which the higher frequencies for sniffing are generated remains unknown [19]. Similarly, the pre-BötC is likely to be the key CPG for upper airway control during breathing, and is also involved in other breathing-related rhythms s ...
Chapter 16 - MBFys Home Page
... hemicord. This arrangement ensures that groups of axial muscles on both sides of the body act in concert to maintain and adjust posture. In contrast, local circuit neurons in the lateral region of the intermediate zone have shorter axons that typically extend fewer than five segments and are predomi ...
... hemicord. This arrangement ensures that groups of axial muscles on both sides of the body act in concert to maintain and adjust posture. In contrast, local circuit neurons in the lateral region of the intermediate zone have shorter axons that typically extend fewer than five segments and are predomi ...
Selectivity and Tolerance - Center for Neural Science
... The left and right hemispheres of both V4 and IT were recorded in each monkey (four recording chambers for each subject, resulting in eight chambers in total). Both hemispheres of each visual area were sampled approximately equally in each monkey, with approximately twice as many cells sampled in mo ...
... The left and right hemispheres of both V4 and IT were recorded in each monkey (four recording chambers for each subject, resulting in eight chambers in total). Both hemispheres of each visual area were sampled approximately equally in each monkey, with approximately twice as many cells sampled in mo ...
Selectivity and Tolerance - Penn Arts and Sciences
... The left and right hemispheres of both V4 and IT were recorded in each monkey (four recording chambers for each subject, resulting in eight chambers in total). Both hemispheres of each visual area were sampled approximately equally in each monkey, with approximately twice as many cells sampled in mo ...
... The left and right hemispheres of both V4 and IT were recorded in each monkey (four recording chambers for each subject, resulting in eight chambers in total). Both hemispheres of each visual area were sampled approximately equally in each monkey, with approximately twice as many cells sampled in mo ...
Likelihood approaches to sensory coding in auditory cortex
... There is no true solution of the receptive field function for a particular neuron, given a finite input set consisting of measured response latencies together with their corresponding soundsource directions and intensity levels. A bootstrap of the receptive field function was used to investigate the ...
... There is no true solution of the receptive field function for a particular neuron, given a finite input set consisting of measured response latencies together with their corresponding soundsource directions and intensity levels. A bootstrap of the receptive field function was used to investigate the ...
Vision`s First Steps: Anatomy, Physiology, and Perception in the
... rods, but never from both) [186]. Each bipolar cell then conveys its response to the inner plexiform layer, where it contacts both amacrine and ganglion cells [49]. Amacrine cells (over 30 different types), receive input from bipolar cells and other amacrine cells, and pass their messages onto bipol ...
... rods, but never from both) [186]. Each bipolar cell then conveys its response to the inner plexiform layer, where it contacts both amacrine and ganglion cells [49]. Amacrine cells (over 30 different types), receive input from bipolar cells and other amacrine cells, and pass their messages onto bipol ...
50 Emotional States and Feelings
... after the cortex receives signals about changes in our physiological state. Feelings are preceded by certain physiological changes—an increase or decrease in blood pressure, heart rate, and muscular tension. Thus, when you see a fire you feel afraid because your cortex has received signals about you ...
... after the cortex receives signals about changes in our physiological state. Feelings are preceded by certain physiological changes—an increase or decrease in blood pressure, heart rate, and muscular tension. Thus, when you see a fire you feel afraid because your cortex has received signals about you ...
Representation of Movement
... direction selectivity. This inhibition could either act linearly as subtraction or, more likely, nonlinearly as a shunting inhibition to suppress responses to motion in the antipreferred direction. An early model incorporating the three basic requirements was Reichardt’s cross-correlator, which was ...
... direction selectivity. This inhibition could either act linearly as subtraction or, more likely, nonlinearly as a shunting inhibition to suppress responses to motion in the antipreferred direction. An early model incorporating the three basic requirements was Reichardt’s cross-correlator, which was ...
14.10 Insight 775 Gilbert
... The main drawback of feedforward networks, however, is that they rely on a feedback teaching signal, which does not fit with known brain neuroanatomy. By contrast, ‘recurrent networks’ rely on more realistic horizontal connections, which allows them to learn without the need for any reinforcement si ...
... The main drawback of feedforward networks, however, is that they rely on a feedback teaching signal, which does not fit with known brain neuroanatomy. By contrast, ‘recurrent networks’ rely on more realistic horizontal connections, which allows them to learn without the need for any reinforcement si ...
Slide 1
... Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators Chemical synapse The synaptic terminal releases a neurotransmitter that binds to the postsynaptic plasma membrane Produces temporary, localized change in permeability or function of postsynaptic cell Changes affect cell, depending on nature and number o ...
... Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators Chemical synapse The synaptic terminal releases a neurotransmitter that binds to the postsynaptic plasma membrane Produces temporary, localized change in permeability or function of postsynaptic cell Changes affect cell, depending on nature and number o ...
Voltage-Gated Ion Channels and the Propagation of Action
... meter long, yet it takes only a few milliseconds for an action potential to move along their length. Arrival of an action potential at an axon terminal leads to opening of voltagesensitive Ca2 channels and an influx of Ca2, causing a localized rise in the cytosolic Ca2 concentration in the axon t ...
... meter long, yet it takes only a few milliseconds for an action potential to move along their length. Arrival of an action potential at an axon terminal leads to opening of voltagesensitive Ca2 channels and an influx of Ca2, causing a localized rise in the cytosolic Ca2 concentration in the axon t ...
Contrasting Effects of Reward Expectation on Sensory and Motor
... The value of a reward expected from a successful behavior is important for the purposeful organization of goal-directed behavior (Dickinson and Balleine, 1994; Balleine and Dickinson, 1998). High reward values provide incentives for initiating behavior (Matsumoto and Tanaka, 2004), bias decision mak ...
... The value of a reward expected from a successful behavior is important for the purposeful organization of goal-directed behavior (Dickinson and Balleine, 1994; Balleine and Dickinson, 1998). High reward values provide incentives for initiating behavior (Matsumoto and Tanaka, 2004), bias decision mak ...
Overview - Sinauer Associates
... responses on individual postsynaptic cells. For example, a neuron can be excited by one type of neurotransmitter and inhibited by another type of neurotransmitter. The speed of postsynaptic responses produced by different transmitters also differs, allowing control of electrical signaling over diffe ...
... responses on individual postsynaptic cells. For example, a neuron can be excited by one type of neurotransmitter and inhibited by another type of neurotransmitter. The speed of postsynaptic responses produced by different transmitters also differs, allowing control of electrical signaling over diffe ...
Ominous odors: olfactory control of instinctive fear and aggression in
... and aggression, as ‘fight or flight’ [2]. Even though both fear and aggression have been extensively studied [3], their underlying neural mechanisms remain largely unknown. www.sciencedirect.com ...
... and aggression, as ‘fight or flight’ [2]. Even though both fear and aggression have been extensively studied [3], their underlying neural mechanisms remain largely unknown. www.sciencedirect.com ...
What are Neural Networks? - Teaching-WIKI
... – In linear models, statistical theory provides estimators that can be used as crude estimates of the generalization error in nonlinear models with a "large" training set. • Split-sample or hold-out validation. – The most commonly used method for estimating the generalization error in ANN is to rese ...
... – In linear models, statistical theory provides estimators that can be used as crude estimates of the generalization error in nonlinear models with a "large" training set. • Split-sample or hold-out validation. – The most commonly used method for estimating the generalization error in ANN is to rese ...
spinal cord and reflexes - Sinoe Medical Association
... thought. There are voluntary and involuntary reflexes. It is the voluntary reflexes we are considering here. As discussed earlier, a reflex involves at least 2 or 3 neurons. The reflex shown in this figure is called a 3neuron reflex because it requires three types of neurons: a sensory, an inter ...
... thought. There are voluntary and involuntary reflexes. It is the voluntary reflexes we are considering here. As discussed earlier, a reflex involves at least 2 or 3 neurons. The reflex shown in this figure is called a 3neuron reflex because it requires three types of neurons: a sensory, an inter ...
Optical Imaging of Neural Structure and Physiology: Confocal
... mapping of the organization and interconnection of populations of neurons, but must also include an intimate understanding of the physiological workings of the individual neural elements, both neurons and glia, since neural function ultimately depends on the organization of synaptic connections at t ...
... mapping of the organization and interconnection of populations of neurons, but must also include an intimate understanding of the physiological workings of the individual neural elements, both neurons and glia, since neural function ultimately depends on the organization of synaptic connections at t ...
the Central Nervous System
... E. Multimodal association areas 1. make associations between kinds of sensory information ...
... E. Multimodal association areas 1. make associations between kinds of sensory information ...
- D-Scholarship@Pitt
... Huerta1 is superimposed over the SC. Central vision is represented rostrolaterally: + denotes the upper field, − denotes the lower field. Left is medial (m), up is rostral (r). (B–E) Photomicrographs of the case 1 injection sites in coronal sections through the SC and pulvinar. Injection cores can b ...
... Huerta1 is superimposed over the SC. Central vision is represented rostrolaterally: + denotes the upper field, − denotes the lower field. Left is medial (m), up is rostral (r). (B–E) Photomicrographs of the case 1 injection sites in coronal sections through the SC and pulvinar. Injection cores can b ...
Structural divisions and functional fields in the human cerebral cortex 1
... a microstructural area whenever possible w11,12x. Published examples of a combined cyto- and receptorarchitectural approach in humans demonstrate the effectiveness of this concept w12–19x. Quantitative cytoarchitectonics and delimitation of cortical cytoarchitectural areas by statistical measures is ...
... a microstructural area whenever possible w11,12x. Published examples of a combined cyto- and receptorarchitectural approach in humans demonstrate the effectiveness of this concept w12–19x. Quantitative cytoarchitectonics and delimitation of cortical cytoarchitectural areas by statistical measures is ...
the medial division of the medial geniculate body of the cat
... The structure of neurons and axons was studied in the medial division of the medial geniculate body of the cat with the Golgi methods. The results show that the medial division consists of morphologically heterogeneous neurons. The main types, in descending order of frequency, are medium-sized neuro ...
... The structure of neurons and axons was studied in the medial division of the medial geniculate body of the cat with the Golgi methods. The results show that the medial division consists of morphologically heterogeneous neurons. The main types, in descending order of frequency, are medium-sized neuro ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.