Autonomic NS
... • White rami communicantes: structures containing sympathetic preganglionic axons that connect the anterior ramus of the spinal nerve with the ganglia of the sympathetic ...
... • White rami communicantes: structures containing sympathetic preganglionic axons that connect the anterior ramus of the spinal nerve with the ganglia of the sympathetic ...
Figure 15.9
... • White rami communicantes: structures containing sympathetic preganglionic axons that connect the anterior ramus of the spinal nerve with the ganglia of the sympathetic ...
... • White rami communicantes: structures containing sympathetic preganglionic axons that connect the anterior ramus of the spinal nerve with the ganglia of the sympathetic ...
Deep Neural Networks for Anatomical Brain Segmentation
... registration step, in which the atlases are non-linearly registered to the query image. A global affine or rigid registration is usually first performed and then followed by a local non-rigid registration. This latter registration step relies on the critical assumption that brains are similar enough ...
... registration step, in which the atlases are non-linearly registered to the query image. A global affine or rigid registration is usually first performed and then followed by a local non-rigid registration. This latter registration step relies on the critical assumption that brains are similar enough ...
(2003). Prefrontal and medial temporal lobe interactions in
... effects of hippocampal or fornix lesions on recognition15,22,23 whereas other researchers have reported deficits13,24. The importance of the perirhinal cortex for familiarity-based memory is less controversial. Electrophysiological studies have found perirhinal neurons that show diminished responses ...
... effects of hippocampal or fornix lesions on recognition15,22,23 whereas other researchers have reported deficits13,24. The importance of the perirhinal cortex for familiarity-based memory is less controversial. Electrophysiological studies have found perirhinal neurons that show diminished responses ...
PREFRONTAL AND MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE INTERACTIONS IN
... effects of hippocampal or fornix lesions on recognition15,22,23 whereas other researchers have reported deficits13,24. The importance of the perirhinal cortex for familiarity-based memory is less controversial. Electrophysiological studies have found perirhinal neurons that show diminished responses ...
... effects of hippocampal or fornix lesions on recognition15,22,23 whereas other researchers have reported deficits13,24. The importance of the perirhinal cortex for familiarity-based memory is less controversial. Electrophysiological studies have found perirhinal neurons that show diminished responses ...
Information processing in the cortex: The relevance of coherent oscillations for neuronal communication
... rents on pyramidal neurons, suggesting that interneuronal synchronization was mediated by fast recurrent excitation. Therefore, cholinergically induced fast network oscillations in the hippocampus appeared to be generated by a synaptic feedback circuit between pyramidal cells and perisomatic-targeti ...
... rents on pyramidal neurons, suggesting that interneuronal synchronization was mediated by fast recurrent excitation. Therefore, cholinergically induced fast network oscillations in the hippocampus appeared to be generated by a synaptic feedback circuit between pyramidal cells and perisomatic-targeti ...
Millisecond Timescale Synchrony among Hippocampal Neurons
... Figure 2. Hippocampal microcircuits in the freely moving rat. Bottom, Network of pyramidal cells (triangles) and interneurons (circles) connected through excitatory (cyan), inhibitory (black), and millisecond synchronous connections (red) in a recording session with an 8 shank ⫻ 8 electrode (inset; ...
... Figure 2. Hippocampal microcircuits in the freely moving rat. Bottom, Network of pyramidal cells (triangles) and interneurons (circles) connected through excitatory (cyan), inhibitory (black), and millisecond synchronous connections (red) in a recording session with an 8 shank ⫻ 8 electrode (inset; ...
Narrow Versus Wide Tuning Curves: What`s Best for a Population
... Consider now a case in which the noise distribution is no longer fixed, such as in the two-layer network illustrated in Figure 1B. The network has the same number of units in both layers, and the output layer contains lateral connections, which sharpen the tuning curves. This case is particularly re ...
... Consider now a case in which the noise distribution is no longer fixed, such as in the two-layer network illustrated in Figure 1B. The network has the same number of units in both layers, and the output layer contains lateral connections, which sharpen the tuning curves. This case is particularly re ...
Neural Networks
... are scattered among large parts of the manuscript, providing information on how to implement their context in Snipe. This also implies that those who do not want to use Snipe, just have to skip the shaded Snipe-paragraphs! The Snipe-paragraphs assume the reader has had a close look at the "Getting s ...
... are scattered among large parts of the manuscript, providing information on how to implement their context in Snipe. This also implies that those who do not want to use Snipe, just have to skip the shaded Snipe-paragraphs! The Snipe-paragraphs assume the reader has had a close look at the "Getting s ...
Cross-modal Circuitry Between Auditory and
... influenced by auditory stimuli or auditory FAES activation, somatosensory stimuli were presented within a neuron’s receptive field alone and then in combination with a natural auditory cue or with electrical stimulation through one of the FAES electrodes. Somatosensory stimuli were produced by a nar ...
... influenced by auditory stimuli or auditory FAES activation, somatosensory stimuli were presented within a neuron’s receptive field alone and then in combination with a natural auditory cue or with electrical stimulation through one of the FAES electrodes. Somatosensory stimuli were produced by a nar ...
Narrow versus wide tuning curves: What`s best for a population code?
... Consider now a case in which the noise distribution is no longer xed, such as in the two-layer network illustrated in Figure 1B. The network has the same number of units in both layers, and the output layer contains lateral connections, which sharpen the tuning curves. This case is particularly rel ...
... Consider now a case in which the noise distribution is no longer xed, such as in the two-layer network illustrated in Figure 1B. The network has the same number of units in both layers, and the output layer contains lateral connections, which sharpen the tuning curves. This case is particularly rel ...
An Integrative Theory on Prefrontal Cortex Function
... them. They provide bias signals throughout much of the rest of the brain, affecting not only visual processes but also other sensory modalities, as well as systems responsible for response execution, memory retrieval, emotional evaluation, etc. The aggregate effect of these bias signals is to guide ...
... them. They provide bias signals throughout much of the rest of the brain, affecting not only visual processes but also other sensory modalities, as well as systems responsible for response execution, memory retrieval, emotional evaluation, etc. The aggregate effect of these bias signals is to guide ...
Narrow versus wide tuning curves: What`s best for a population code?
... Consider now a case in which the noise distribution is no longer xed, such as in the two-layer network illustrated in Figure 1B. The network has the same number of units in both layers, and the output layer contains lateral connections, which sharpen the tuning curves. This case is particularly rel ...
... Consider now a case in which the noise distribution is no longer xed, such as in the two-layer network illustrated in Figure 1B. The network has the same number of units in both layers, and the output layer contains lateral connections, which sharpen the tuning curves. This case is particularly rel ...
Presentation
... They survive at the same rate as uninjured serotonin axons. Furthermore, their distribution and shape are indistinguishable from uninjured axons. ...
... They survive at the same rate as uninjured serotonin axons. Furthermore, their distribution and shape are indistinguishable from uninjured axons. ...
concurrent, distributed control of saccade initiation in the frontal eye
... Long-lead burst neurons (LLBNs), also located in the brainstem reticular formation, discharge a high frequency burst of action potentials for saccades into the contralateral hemifield. In addition to the burst, these cells also have a low frequency buildup of activity before the burst. It is believe ...
... Long-lead burst neurons (LLBNs), also located in the brainstem reticular formation, discharge a high frequency burst of action potentials for saccades into the contralateral hemifield. In addition to the burst, these cells also have a low frequency buildup of activity before the burst. It is believe ...
lmmunohistochemical Localization
... of the receptor also differed among the hippocampal fields. Very little reaction product was observed on pyramidal neurons in the CA3 field, but labeling of pyramidal neurons appeared to increase progressively throughout CA2, CAl, and the subiculum. Nonpyramidal neurons were prominently labeled in a ...
... of the receptor also differed among the hippocampal fields. Very little reaction product was observed on pyramidal neurons in the CA3 field, but labeling of pyramidal neurons appeared to increase progressively throughout CA2, CAl, and the subiculum. Nonpyramidal neurons were prominently labeled in a ...
Deep Belief Networks Learn Context Dependent Behavior Florian Raudies *
... cortex shows changes that depend upon sensory context and these changes in activity can be used to guide decision-making [8,9,10,11]. Models of prefrontal cortex have attempted to simulate how neural circuits could provide the rules for action selection during behavioral tasks based on the context o ...
... cortex shows changes that depend upon sensory context and these changes in activity can be used to guide decision-making [8,9,10,11]. Models of prefrontal cortex have attempted to simulate how neural circuits could provide the rules for action selection during behavioral tasks based on the context o ...
Chapter 3
... Ca+ 2 channels open Ca+2 flows inward triggering release of neurotransmitter Neurotransmitter crosses synaptic cleft & binding to ligand-gated receptors ...
... Ca+ 2 channels open Ca+2 flows inward triggering release of neurotransmitter Neurotransmitter crosses synaptic cleft & binding to ligand-gated receptors ...
... Evidence from molecular mechanisms in the prefrontal cortex and the striatum suggests that cognitive goals are maintained via dopaminergic activity (Schultz et al., 1995), which operates to create persistent attention to rewards, novel or unexpected stimuli, or aversive stimuli, much like dopamine i ...
the diverse roles of l-glutamic acid in brain signal transduction
... acidic amino acids such as L-aspartic acid and L-homocysteic acid may also participate (1). Nevertheless, ongoing research reveals that the functions of Glu are much more diverse and complex than simply generating excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs). It plays a major role in brain development, ...
... acidic amino acids such as L-aspartic acid and L-homocysteic acid may also participate (1). Nevertheless, ongoing research reveals that the functions of Glu are much more diverse and complex than simply generating excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs). It plays a major role in brain development, ...
Imaging the premotor areas Nathalie Picard* and Peter L Strick
... anterior to the VCA line (Table 1). This location corresponds to the RCZa, which may correspond to the CMAr of monkeys [2]. In contrast, when some of the same investigators used a similar paradigm that did not specifically dissociate conflict monitoring from response selection, they found response-r ...
... anterior to the VCA line (Table 1). This location corresponds to the RCZa, which may correspond to the CMAr of monkeys [2]. In contrast, when some of the same investigators used a similar paradigm that did not specifically dissociate conflict monitoring from response selection, they found response-r ...
Brief neonatal maternal separation alters extinction of conditioned
... (e.g., Meerlo et al., 1999; but see Kosten et al., 2005). However, to our knowledge, the effects of maternal separation on learning and unlearning of conditioned fear and the corticolimbic structures mediating these behaviors have not been assessed. The neural substrates for acquisition of condition ...
... (e.g., Meerlo et al., 1999; but see Kosten et al., 2005). However, to our knowledge, the effects of maternal separation on learning and unlearning of conditioned fear and the corticolimbic structures mediating these behaviors have not been assessed. The neural substrates for acquisition of condition ...
Neurophysiological bases underlying the organization of intentional
... handle of the lid). Motor acts are formed by more elementary muscle synergies, often called simple movements, which could serve for the execution of several different acts and actions, regardless of their goal. Thus, what is the agent’s intention in this example? One might say to grasp the lid, to r ...
... handle of the lid). Motor acts are formed by more elementary muscle synergies, often called simple movements, which could serve for the execution of several different acts and actions, regardless of their goal. Thus, what is the agent’s intention in this example? One might say to grasp the lid, to r ...
Review. Multiple signaling modalities mediated by dendritic
... and increased bundling [10,11]. Another salient feature is that in more than 60% of MCNs, axons arise from a dendrite rather than more conventionally from the soma [10,12]. These axon-bearing dendrites may not only be privileged in their ability to influence spiking initiation and overall neuronal o ...
... and increased bundling [10,11]. Another salient feature is that in more than 60% of MCNs, axons arise from a dendrite rather than more conventionally from the soma [10,12]. These axon-bearing dendrites may not only be privileged in their ability to influence spiking initiation and overall neuronal o ...
Multiple signalling modalities mediated by dendritic exocytosis of
... and increased bundling [10,11]. Another salient feature is that in more than 60% of MCNs, axons arise from a dendrite rather than more conventionally from the soma [10,12]. These axon-bearing dendrites may not only be privileged in their ability to influence spiking initiation and overall neuronal o ...
... and increased bundling [10,11]. Another salient feature is that in more than 60% of MCNs, axons arise from a dendrite rather than more conventionally from the soma [10,12]. These axon-bearing dendrites may not only be privileged in their ability to influence spiking initiation and overall neuronal o ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.