File
... system. The concentration gradient of each of these ions across the membrane helps determine the voltage of the membrane potential. Second, the quantitative importance of each of the ions in determining the voltage is proportional to the membrane permeability for that particular ion. That is, if th ...
... system. The concentration gradient of each of these ions across the membrane helps determine the voltage of the membrane potential. Second, the quantitative importance of each of the ions in determining the voltage is proportional to the membrane permeability for that particular ion. That is, if th ...
The role of neuronal signaling in controlling cerebral blood flow
... vasoactive agents in the extracellular space, and these agents reach blood vessels by diVusion and produce relaxation of vascular smooth muscles. Considerable evidence has since accumulated supporting vasoactive consequences of neurotransmitter release, in particular for the synaptically released fa ...
... vasoactive agents in the extracellular space, and these agents reach blood vessels by diVusion and produce relaxation of vascular smooth muscles. Considerable evidence has since accumulated supporting vasoactive consequences of neurotransmitter release, in particular for the synaptically released fa ...
Hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning induces tolerance against brain
... ROS (Bubici et al., 2006) and this suggests that Mn-SOD expression can be regulated by ROS through NF-κB. Even though we measured total SOD activity, it is likely Mn-SOD is involved in HBO-PC. It has been demonstrated that CAT plays an ...
... ROS (Bubici et al., 2006) and this suggests that Mn-SOD expression can be regulated by ROS through NF-κB. Even though we measured total SOD activity, it is likely Mn-SOD is involved in HBO-PC. It has been demonstrated that CAT plays an ...
THE SPINAL CORD
... of the leg at the knee. At the same time as the quadriceps contracts there is a reciprocal inhibition of the antagonistic muscles, the flexors of the knee. The inhibition of the flexors is mediated by polysynaptic reflex arcs, and since the motor neurons for the flexors are located in more caudal s ...
... of the leg at the knee. At the same time as the quadriceps contracts there is a reciprocal inhibition of the antagonistic muscles, the flexors of the knee. The inhibition of the flexors is mediated by polysynaptic reflex arcs, and since the motor neurons for the flexors are located in more caudal s ...
Parts of the nervous system
... 1. Improper use of antibiotics often leads to deafness. Therefore it destroys the sensory neurons/receptors in the ears that receive sound waves. True ...
... 1. Improper use of antibiotics often leads to deafness. Therefore it destroys the sensory neurons/receptors in the ears that receive sound waves. True ...
Chapter 2: The Brain and Behavior
... FIGURE 2.20 A circle is flashed to the left brain of a split-brain patient, and he is asked what he saw. He easily replies, “A circle.” He can also pick out the circle by merely touching shapes with his right hand, out of sight behind a screen. However, his left hand can’t identify the circle. If a ...
... FIGURE 2.20 A circle is flashed to the left brain of a split-brain patient, and he is asked what he saw. He easily replies, “A circle.” He can also pick out the circle by merely touching shapes with his right hand, out of sight behind a screen. However, his left hand can’t identify the circle. If a ...
Dendritic Signal Integration
... modeling of neurons with dendritic trees. Such models are now being used to provide insight into how charge spreads in elaborately branching dendritic trees containing many different types of ion channels. Another way that dendrites influence EPSPs is via their effect on spatial summation. If two sy ...
... modeling of neurons with dendritic trees. Such models are now being used to provide insight into how charge spreads in elaborately branching dendritic trees containing many different types of ion channels. Another way that dendrites influence EPSPs is via their effect on spatial summation. If two sy ...
Olfactory Coding in the Honeybee Lateral Horn
... map that could serve a basic odor recognition function. Our data demonstrate the existence of such odor-specific maps at the input to the LH. These maps are specific and allow predicting the bees’ olfactory generalization. The intensity of activation induced by different odors in the LH was highly c ...
... map that could serve a basic odor recognition function. Our data demonstrate the existence of such odor-specific maps at the input to the LH. These maps are specific and allow predicting the bees’ olfactory generalization. The intensity of activation induced by different odors in the LH was highly c ...
Crapse (2008) Corollary discharge across the animal kingdom
... and for the general analysis of sensory processing that takes place close to the motor output. However, it has become apparent that the decussation from motor to sensory areas might occur at any number of levels of motor control, some of which are remote from the final effector stage (FIG. 1b). In s ...
... and for the general analysis of sensory processing that takes place close to the motor output. However, it has become apparent that the decussation from motor to sensory areas might occur at any number of levels of motor control, some of which are remote from the final effector stage (FIG. 1b). In s ...
Proper migration and axon outgrowth of zebrafish
... Using this Isl1-GFP transgenic line the involvement of planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway genes such as Stbm/Vangl2/tri (Jessen et al., 2002; Sittaramane et al., 2009), prickle1a (CarreiraBarbosa et al., 2003), prickle1b (Rohrschneider et al., 2007), scribble1 (Wada et al., 2005), Celsr2 and Frizzl ...
... Using this Isl1-GFP transgenic line the involvement of planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway genes such as Stbm/Vangl2/tri (Jessen et al., 2002; Sittaramane et al., 2009), prickle1a (CarreiraBarbosa et al., 2003), prickle1b (Rohrschneider et al., 2007), scribble1 (Wada et al., 2005), Celsr2 and Frizzl ...
08 Electrophysiology of muscles
... after the absolute refractory period in which the same area of the neuron cell membrane can be re-excited but requires a higher voltage higher than the usual threshold voltage. During this time the potassium channels are still open – thus positive potassium is rushing out making the interior of the ...
... after the absolute refractory period in which the same area of the neuron cell membrane can be re-excited but requires a higher voltage higher than the usual threshold voltage. During this time the potassium channels are still open – thus positive potassium is rushing out making the interior of the ...
Reinforcement learning, conditioning, and the brain
... consensus exists as to which is best from a computational perspective (Kaelbling et al., 1996). The brain may implement both approaches and trade off control between them (Daw, Niv, & Dayan, 2005, 2006), as discussed in more detail below. Value Functions The credit-assignment problem is a key proble ...
... consensus exists as to which is best from a computational perspective (Kaelbling et al., 1996). The brain may implement both approaches and trade off control between them (Daw, Niv, & Dayan, 2005, 2006), as discussed in more detail below. Value Functions The credit-assignment problem is a key proble ...
Localization of Glycine Neurotransmitter Transporter (GLYT2
... amino acids from synaptic clefts by a rapid sodiumdependent uptake system (Kanner, 1989) . Recently, several cDNAs encoding neurotransmitter transporters were cloned . Only a few were shown to be neuronal, presumably acting in the classic reuptake systems (Clark et al ., 1992 ; Amara and Kuhar, 1993 ...
... amino acids from synaptic clefts by a rapid sodiumdependent uptake system (Kanner, 1989) . Recently, several cDNAs encoding neurotransmitter transporters were cloned . Only a few were shown to be neuronal, presumably acting in the classic reuptake systems (Clark et al ., 1992 ; Amara and Kuhar, 1993 ...
Neurotransmitters: Their Role Within the Body
... Neurotransmitters can be broadly classified into two categories; excitatory and inhibitory. Some neurotransmitters can serve both functions. Some neurotransmitters are commonly described as "excitatory" or "inhibitory". It is important to understand what these terms mean. The only thing that a neuro ...
... Neurotransmitters can be broadly classified into two categories; excitatory and inhibitory. Some neurotransmitters can serve both functions. Some neurotransmitters are commonly described as "excitatory" or "inhibitory". It is important to understand what these terms mean. The only thing that a neuro ...
ChennWalshCeCortexJu..
... enlarged brains with greatly increased cerebral cortical surface area so extensive that the normally smooth cerebral cortex of the mouse formed convoluted folds resembling the gyri and sulci of higher mammals (Fig. 1) (Chenn and Walsh, 2002). The neural precursor population was markedly expanded in ...
... enlarged brains with greatly increased cerebral cortical surface area so extensive that the normally smooth cerebral cortex of the mouse formed convoluted folds resembling the gyri and sulci of higher mammals (Fig. 1) (Chenn and Walsh, 2002). The neural precursor population was markedly expanded in ...
Physiological Psychology
... The nervous system can be simply described as collection of neurons which are arranged to work in a coordinated function. One of the most important functions of the nervous system is to process incoming information in such a way that appropriate mental and motor responses will occur. The nervous sys ...
... The nervous system can be simply described as collection of neurons which are arranged to work in a coordinated function. One of the most important functions of the nervous system is to process incoming information in such a way that appropriate mental and motor responses will occur. The nervous sys ...
Neuronal fiber tracts connecting the brain and ventral nerve cord of
... Many aspects of insect behavior entail stereotyped sequences of movement that are controlled by neuronal circuits, called central pattern generators (CPGs; Marder et al., 2005). CPGs are located in the ventral nerve cord (CPGs controlling behaviors involving movement of the wings, legs, and abdomen) ...
... Many aspects of insect behavior entail stereotyped sequences of movement that are controlled by neuronal circuits, called central pattern generators (CPGs; Marder et al., 2005). CPGs are located in the ventral nerve cord (CPGs controlling behaviors involving movement of the wings, legs, and abdomen) ...
What is a Neural Network?
... • Nonlinearity: Neurons can be linear or nonlinear. Nonlinearity also comes from the networking. This is an important property particularly when we are working on nonlinear problems. • Input-Output mapping: An ANN learns how to map inputs to outputs from examples. This is similar to nonparametric st ...
... • Nonlinearity: Neurons can be linear or nonlinear. Nonlinearity also comes from the networking. This is an important property particularly when we are working on nonlinear problems. • Input-Output mapping: An ANN learns how to map inputs to outputs from examples. This is similar to nonparametric st ...
Some historical perspectives on thermoregulation
... have shown that various ion channels are involved in perception of temperature, such as different calcium channels responding to heating and cooling. It is possible that a temperature-detecting mechanism could involve both calcium channels and/or potassium channels shared with a mechanoreceptor (71) ...
... have shown that various ion channels are involved in perception of temperature, such as different calcium channels responding to heating and cooling. It is possible that a temperature-detecting mechanism could involve both calcium channels and/or potassium channels shared with a mechanoreceptor (71) ...
Attention as a decision in information space
... encodes visual selection in conjunction with ocular or skeletal actions. Second, they show that LIP receives feedback from multiple motor modalities, including ocular and skeletal non-targeting actions. Finally, the results indicate that motor feedback is expressed in a variable fashion, gated by vi ...
... encodes visual selection in conjunction with ocular or skeletal actions. Second, they show that LIP receives feedback from multiple motor modalities, including ocular and skeletal non-targeting actions. Finally, the results indicate that motor feedback is expressed in a variable fashion, gated by vi ...
Cortex, Cognition and the Cell: New Insights into the Pyramidal
... the Soul, Francis Crick refined the view that these qualities are determined solely by cortical cells and circuitry. Put simply, cognition is nothing more, or less, than a biological function. Accepting this to be the case, it should be possible to identify the mechanisms that subserve cognitive pro ...
... the Soul, Francis Crick refined the view that these qualities are determined solely by cortical cells and circuitry. Put simply, cognition is nothing more, or less, than a biological function. Accepting this to be the case, it should be possible to identify the mechanisms that subserve cognitive pro ...
Virus-delivered small RNA silencing sustains strength in
... ALS patients. It is likely that knockdown of other proteins by virus-delivered siRNA also will be effective for future therapeutic targets both in sporadic ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases. Toxicity of SOD1 mutants to motor neurons is noncell autonomous; that is, it does not derive solely fr ...
... ALS patients. It is likely that knockdown of other proteins by virus-delivered siRNA also will be effective for future therapeutic targets both in sporadic ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases. Toxicity of SOD1 mutants to motor neurons is noncell autonomous; that is, it does not derive solely fr ...
Slide 1 - TeacherWeb
... and the autonomic division. • The somatic division consists of afferent (sensory) nerves that run from the receptors to the brain and efferent (motor) nerves that run to the glands and muscles. • The autonomic division consists of the sympathetic division, which mobilizes the body's resources, and t ...
... and the autonomic division. • The somatic division consists of afferent (sensory) nerves that run from the receptors to the brain and efferent (motor) nerves that run to the glands and muscles. • The autonomic division consists of the sympathetic division, which mobilizes the body's resources, and t ...
Mouse Nerve Growth Factor Prevents Degeneration of Axotomized
... 3-7 kg) were used as subjects in this study. Seven animals were anesthetized with halothane, intubated, and artificially ventilated, 3 animals served as unoperated controls. To facilitate brain relaxation and minimize retraction pressure, mannitol(20%) was infused systemically over 30 min (2 gm/kg, ...
... 3-7 kg) were used as subjects in this study. Seven animals were anesthetized with halothane, intubated, and artificially ventilated, 3 animals served as unoperated controls. To facilitate brain relaxation and minimize retraction pressure, mannitol(20%) was infused systemically over 30 min (2 gm/kg, ...
Local network regulation of orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus
... which may be from orexin neurons. Fast EPSCs are mediated by NMDA and non-NMDA receptors (122), whereas postsynaptic group I mGluRs provide another excitatory pathway to MCH neurons that induces a slow depolarization mediated by Na⫹/Ca2⫹ exchanger and potentiation of NMDA currents (57). Thus, somewh ...
... which may be from orexin neurons. Fast EPSCs are mediated by NMDA and non-NMDA receptors (122), whereas postsynaptic group I mGluRs provide another excitatory pathway to MCH neurons that induces a slow depolarization mediated by Na⫹/Ca2⫹ exchanger and potentiation of NMDA currents (57). Thus, somewh ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.