The Distribution and Morphological Characteristics of
... In addition to these main groups, CA cells have been reported in various regions of the vertebrate CNS. In mammals, these include CA neurons located in the cerebral cortex, striatum, basal forebrain, and habenular region, with varying reports of CA neurons in the spinal cord [Smeets and Reiner, 1994 ...
... In addition to these main groups, CA cells have been reported in various regions of the vertebrate CNS. In mammals, these include CA neurons located in the cerebral cortex, striatum, basal forebrain, and habenular region, with varying reports of CA neurons in the spinal cord [Smeets and Reiner, 1994 ...
The Spinal Cord
... Like the brain, the spinal cord is covered by meninges and bathed in CSF within bony vertebral canal. The spinal cord is divided into segments that correspond to the segments of the bony vertebral column (cervical, thoracic,lumber….).The spinal nerve fibers of the spinal nerves enter and exit the co ...
... Like the brain, the spinal cord is covered by meninges and bathed in CSF within bony vertebral canal. The spinal cord is divided into segments that correspond to the segments of the bony vertebral column (cervical, thoracic,lumber….).The spinal nerve fibers of the spinal nerves enter and exit the co ...
Guzowski et al - Psychology and Neuroscience
... This uncertainty stems from the methodologies used in most IEG studies, which have made it difficult to distinguish gene induction that is specifically linked to information processing from activity that may be due to stress, novelty, motor activity or other processes that accompany the behavioral r ...
... This uncertainty stems from the methodologies used in most IEG studies, which have made it difficult to distinguish gene induction that is specifically linked to information processing from activity that may be due to stress, novelty, motor activity or other processes that accompany the behavioral r ...
Simulations of neuromuscular control in lamprey swimming
... The motor neurons are active in bursts, alternating between the two sides of the cord. It is known that the motor neurons do not participate in the actual rhythm generation but merely function as output devices (Wallën & Lansner 1984). The E- and C-neurons are the primary rhythm generating neurons, ...
... The motor neurons are active in bursts, alternating between the two sides of the cord. It is known that the motor neurons do not participate in the actual rhythm generation but merely function as output devices (Wallën & Lansner 1984). The E- and C-neurons are the primary rhythm generating neurons, ...
A Neural Mass Model to Simulate Different Rhythms in a Cortical
... 2. Material and Methods 2.1. Model of a Single Cortical Region. The model of a cortical region presented here is a modified version of the model proposed by Wendling et al. [7]. It consists of four neural populations which communicate via excitatory and inhibitory synapses: pyramidal cells, excitato ...
... 2. Material and Methods 2.1. Model of a Single Cortical Region. The model of a cortical region presented here is a modified version of the model proposed by Wendling et al. [7]. It consists of four neural populations which communicate via excitatory and inhibitory synapses: pyramidal cells, excitato ...
Representation of naturalistic image structure in the primate visual
... Visual texture: models and human perception “Visual texture” refers to portions of an image that are filled with repeated elements, often subject to some randomization in their location, size, color, orientation, etc; for example, an image of leaves, or pebbles, or tree bark (Fig. 1a). Lettvin (1976 ...
... Visual texture: models and human perception “Visual texture” refers to portions of an image that are filled with repeated elements, often subject to some randomization in their location, size, color, orientation, etc; for example, an image of leaves, or pebbles, or tree bark (Fig. 1a). Lettvin (1976 ...
UNIVERSIDAD SAN FRANCISCO DE QUITO USFQ Detección y
... problems since they can be trained to produce a desired output t from a given input p. The methods to train the network, as well as the number of layers, vary depending on the dimensions of the problem. However, a two-layer network should be able to solve most of the pattern recognition problems [5] ...
... problems since they can be trained to produce a desired output t from a given input p. The methods to train the network, as well as the number of layers, vary depending on the dimensions of the problem. However, a two-layer network should be able to solve most of the pattern recognition problems [5] ...
Kv2 Channels Form Delayed-Rectifier Potassium Channels In Situ
... immature and mature times did not vary (40 and 36%, respectively), the inferred proportions of Kv2 channels are similar. The mutant subunit may have produced this effect by decreasing either the number of functional channels, the single-channel conductance, or Popen. These results suggest that funct ...
... immature and mature times did not vary (40 and 36%, respectively), the inferred proportions of Kv2 channels are similar. The mutant subunit may have produced this effect by decreasing either the number of functional channels, the single-channel conductance, or Popen. These results suggest that funct ...
Zmysły chemiczne
... normally open at resting potential. Bitter stimuli bind to G proteincoupled receptors. There is evidence for two different pathways of bitter taste transduction that involve G proteins. The common end effect of all of these mechanisms is a blockade of K+ channels and release of Ca2+ from intracellul ...
... normally open at resting potential. Bitter stimuli bind to G proteincoupled receptors. There is evidence for two different pathways of bitter taste transduction that involve G proteins. The common end effect of all of these mechanisms is a blockade of K+ channels and release of Ca2+ from intracellul ...
The structure and connexions of neurons
... which arise plexuses or very tightly bound and rich nerve nests. The pericellular baskets and the climbing plexuses, and other morphological structures, whose form varies according to the nerve centres being studied, confirm that the nerve elements possess reciprocal relationships in contiguity but ...
... which arise plexuses or very tightly bound and rich nerve nests. The pericellular baskets and the climbing plexuses, and other morphological structures, whose form varies according to the nerve centres being studied, confirm that the nerve elements possess reciprocal relationships in contiguity but ...
Evolution of Time-Coding Systems in Weakly Electric Fishes
... A remarkable example of temporal coding of communication signals has been found in mormyrid pulse-type electric fishes where the duration of each EOD pulse carries information on the species and sex of the signaler. The duration of pulses is sampled by populations of electroreceptors on opposite sid ...
... A remarkable example of temporal coding of communication signals has been found in mormyrid pulse-type electric fishes where the duration of each EOD pulse carries information on the species and sex of the signaler. The duration of pulses is sampled by populations of electroreceptors on opposite sid ...
Is neocortex essentially multisensory?
... the cat has a direct influence not only the integrative properties of superior collicular neurons [36], but can also influence orienting behavior. Cats typically show multisensory enhancement of orienting to congruent visual– auditory spatial targets when stimuli are near threshold. When the anterio ...
... the cat has a direct influence not only the integrative properties of superior collicular neurons [36], but can also influence orienting behavior. Cats typically show multisensory enhancement of orienting to congruent visual– auditory spatial targets when stimuli are near threshold. When the anterio ...
Cortical afferents to the smooth-pursuit region of the macaque
... of isolated neurons during smooth-pursuit eye tracking and by examining eye movements evoked by electrical stimulation through the tip of the recording electrodes. Parameters of microstimulation and methods of testing pursuit neurons have been described elsewhere (Gottlieb et al. 1993, 1994; Shi et ...
... of isolated neurons during smooth-pursuit eye tracking and by examining eye movements evoked by electrical stimulation through the tip of the recording electrodes. Parameters of microstimulation and methods of testing pursuit neurons have been described elsewhere (Gottlieb et al. 1993, 1994; Shi et ...
Neurofilament and Calcium-Binding Proteins in the
... association areas located in the parietal and temporal cortex (Kondo et al., 1994). Previous analyses of the distribution of calcium-binding proteins in the macaque monkey cingulate cortex have shown that parvalbuminimmunoreactive interneurons are codistributed with neurofilament protein-immunoreact ...
... association areas located in the parietal and temporal cortex (Kondo et al., 1994). Previous analyses of the distribution of calcium-binding proteins in the macaque monkey cingulate cortex have shown that parvalbuminimmunoreactive interneurons are codistributed with neurofilament protein-immunoreact ...
PDF+Links
... points to the difference between normal and pathological aging of the nervous system (Dani et al., 1997). Normal aging is generally regarded as involving mild morphological, biochemical and physiological changes, which lead to slowing down of the normal function of the nervous system. The results of ...
... points to the difference between normal and pathological aging of the nervous system (Dani et al., 1997). Normal aging is generally regarded as involving mild morphological, biochemical and physiological changes, which lead to slowing down of the normal function of the nervous system. The results of ...
Glutamate Inhibits GABA Excitatory Activity in
... suggesting an ongoing spontaneous glutamate-mediated inhibition of excitatory GABA actions in developing neurons. Northern blots revealed that many mGluRs were expressed early in brain development, including times of synaptogenesis. Together these data suggest that in developing neurons glutamate ca ...
... suggesting an ongoing spontaneous glutamate-mediated inhibition of excitatory GABA actions in developing neurons. Northern blots revealed that many mGluRs were expressed early in brain development, including times of synaptogenesis. Together these data suggest that in developing neurons glutamate ca ...
Answers to WHAT DID YOU LEARN questions
... sympathetic trunk to the spinal nerve. Gray rami connect to ALL spinal nerves. This way, the sympathetic information that started out in the thoracolumbar region now can be dispersed to all parts of the body. ...
... sympathetic trunk to the spinal nerve. Gray rami connect to ALL spinal nerves. This way, the sympathetic information that started out in the thoracolumbar region now can be dispersed to all parts of the body. ...
IV. Model Application: the UAV Autonomous Learning in Unknown
... we name this loop the basal ganglia circuitry. The Basal ganglia are a set of highly interconnected subcortical nuclei located in the midbrain, around the thalamus [4, 6]. Basal ganglia are implicated in diverse functions [5], among which, action selection and reward-based learning get more attentio ...
... we name this loop the basal ganglia circuitry. The Basal ganglia are a set of highly interconnected subcortical nuclei located in the midbrain, around the thalamus [4, 6]. Basal ganglia are implicated in diverse functions [5], among which, action selection and reward-based learning get more attentio ...
Neural Mechanisms of Bias and Sensitivity in Hiroshi Nishida Muneyoshi Takahashi
... Hiroshi Nishida1 , Muneyoshi Takahashi2 , Gary D. Bird3 , and Jan Lauwereyns4 , Non-members ABSTRACT Animals perceive stimuli in their environment and are required to make motor responses according to this perception. The perception-to-action mechanisms rely on the accumulation of neural activity in ...
... Hiroshi Nishida1 , Muneyoshi Takahashi2 , Gary D. Bird3 , and Jan Lauwereyns4 , Non-members ABSTRACT Animals perceive stimuli in their environment and are required to make motor responses according to this perception. The perception-to-action mechanisms rely on the accumulation of neural activity in ...
Vestibular Signals in the Parasolitary Nucleus
... the uvula-nodulus of the cerebellum where they terminate on granule cells. In this report we describe the physiological properties of neurons in a “new” vestibular nucleus, the parasolitary nucleus (Psol). This nucleus consists of 2,300 GABAergic neurons that project onto the ipsilateral inferior ol ...
... the uvula-nodulus of the cerebellum where they terminate on granule cells. In this report we describe the physiological properties of neurons in a “new” vestibular nucleus, the parasolitary nucleus (Psol). This nucleus consists of 2,300 GABAergic neurons that project onto the ipsilateral inferior ol ...
Pallidal Origin of GABA Release within the Substantia Nigra Pars
... 3A, Table 1), ipsilaterally to the lesion. In the SNr of SNc-lesioned rats, the mean Glu level was 4.21 ⫾ 0.81 M (n ⫽ 5), 9.5 times ( p ⬍ 0.05) the basal levels reported previously for control intact animals (0.44 ⫾ 0.06 M; n ⫽ 7) (Windels et al., 2000). The Glu level in the GP was 16 times higher ...
... 3A, Table 1), ipsilaterally to the lesion. In the SNr of SNc-lesioned rats, the mean Glu level was 4.21 ⫾ 0.81 M (n ⫽ 5), 9.5 times ( p ⬍ 0.05) the basal levels reported previously for control intact animals (0.44 ⫾ 0.06 M; n ⫽ 7) (Windels et al., 2000). The Glu level in the GP was 16 times higher ...
A Cellular Structure for Online Routing of Digital Spiking Neuron
... peculiarities of the brain unfold every day (e.g. [1]), the need for an alternative approach becomes more clear. Inspired by nature, many researchers resorted to use evolutionary computing to create such artificial brains. Numerous different methods to evolve artificial neural networks [2] have been in ...
... peculiarities of the brain unfold every day (e.g. [1]), the need for an alternative approach becomes more clear. Inspired by nature, many researchers resorted to use evolutionary computing to create such artificial brains. Numerous different methods to evolve artificial neural networks [2] have been in ...
Circuits of emotion in the primate brain
... (e.g. the insula and anterior cingulate cortex) where internal sensations are associated with external stimuli. Ascending fibers from many cranial nerves report to the NTS the state of all internal organs of the head and body; these signals are either transformed in the NTS into descending commands ...
... (e.g. the insula and anterior cingulate cortex) where internal sensations are associated with external stimuli. Ascending fibers from many cranial nerves report to the NTS the state of all internal organs of the head and body; these signals are either transformed in the NTS into descending commands ...
chronic morphine exposure affects visual response latency of the
... inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmission in many brain areas.20–23 Visual latency is affected by many of these inhibitory and excitatory mechanisms.24 It has been reported that spontaneous activity is higher and that the signal-to-noise ratio is lower in LGN cells from morphinetreated cats, which ...
... inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmission in many brain areas.20–23 Visual latency is affected by many of these inhibitory and excitatory mechanisms.24 It has been reported that spontaneous activity is higher and that the signal-to-noise ratio is lower in LGN cells from morphinetreated cats, which ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.