A dedicated circuit links direction-selective retinal
... (DSGCs), are specialized for detecting motion along specific axes of the visual field1. Despite extensive study of the retinal circuitry that endows DSGCs with their unique tuning properties2,3, their downstream circuitry in the brain and thus their contribution to visual processing has remained unc ...
... (DSGCs), are specialized for detecting motion along specific axes of the visual field1. Despite extensive study of the retinal circuitry that endows DSGCs with their unique tuning properties2,3, their downstream circuitry in the brain and thus their contribution to visual processing has remained unc ...
Brain Stem Involvement in Immune and Aversive Challenge Jakob Paues
... Toll-like receptor tumour necrosis factor-α parvicellular part of the ventral posterior thalamic nucleus ...
... Toll-like receptor tumour necrosis factor-α parvicellular part of the ventral posterior thalamic nucleus ...
THE PHENOMENON OF ADAPTATION
... of course, is to serve the health and well-being of our clients, but we also want to build our practice to the point where we have enough regular clients to provide us with both professional and financial satisfaction. This can prove to be a very real challenge for all of us, whether we are self-emp ...
... of course, is to serve the health and well-being of our clients, but we also want to build our practice to the point where we have enough regular clients to provide us with both professional and financial satisfaction. This can prove to be a very real challenge for all of us, whether we are self-emp ...
Neuroscience 1b – Spinal Cord Dysfunction
... Sensory tracts are both arranged segmentally, i.e. the fibres from the same level run together in the tract The Dorsal Column Pathway One function is to re-arrange the input from dermatomes of the primary sensory fibres into the grossly distorted map of the body surface seen in the primary senso ...
... Sensory tracts are both arranged segmentally, i.e. the fibres from the same level run together in the tract The Dorsal Column Pathway One function is to re-arrange the input from dermatomes of the primary sensory fibres into the grossly distorted map of the body surface seen in the primary senso ...
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
... a visible reaction, it leads to the increase of convulsive readiness of the brain. With the passage of time on the same subliminal exposure to the animal responds already cramps (the phenomenon of "swing" or kindling). In everyday life, there are many long-term stressors, nevrozogennye factors, occu ...
... a visible reaction, it leads to the increase of convulsive readiness of the brain. With the passage of time on the same subliminal exposure to the animal responds already cramps (the phenomenon of "swing" or kindling). In everyday life, there are many long-term stressors, nevrozogennye factors, occu ...
Handout: E-Brain Manual - Faculty Web Sites at the University of
... cranial nerves enter or exit the sella (see Module 6: Cranial Nerves), some of which you can clearly see on the lateral aspect of the sella from the ventral surface. The sella is encased in dura. When you dissect the sella turcica free of the brain, notice the two arching bony structures embedded on ...
... cranial nerves enter or exit the sella (see Module 6: Cranial Nerves), some of which you can clearly see on the lateral aspect of the sella from the ventral surface. The sella is encased in dura. When you dissect the sella turcica free of the brain, notice the two arching bony structures embedded on ...
CNS Slide Show
... constitutes about four-fifths of the diencephalon two thalami are joined medially by a narrow intermediate mass composed of at least 23 nuclei – we will consider five major functional groups the “gateway to the cerebral cortex” – nearly all input to the cerebrum passes by way of synapses in the thal ...
... constitutes about four-fifths of the diencephalon two thalami are joined medially by a narrow intermediate mass composed of at least 23 nuclei – we will consider five major functional groups the “gateway to the cerebral cortex” – nearly all input to the cerebrum passes by way of synapses in the thal ...
Representation of Sounds in Auditory Cortex of Awake
... The brain is the most complex computational device known to Man. Not only does it mediate our orientation in both external (physical) and internal worlds, but—even more astonishingly—the brain enables study of itself. Yet, this amazing device is composed of only a limited set of neurons and their co ...
... The brain is the most complex computational device known to Man. Not only does it mediate our orientation in both external (physical) and internal worlds, but—even more astonishingly—the brain enables study of itself. Yet, this amazing device is composed of only a limited set of neurons and their co ...
cerebral cortex - Global Anatomy Home Page
... experimental situations where information is presented only to one hemisphere, however, these people are found to have essentially two independent brains that differ markedly in many respects. Normally only one hemisphere (usually the left) is capable of speech, but the other hemisphere is much bett ...
... experimental situations where information is presented only to one hemisphere, however, these people are found to have essentially two independent brains that differ markedly in many respects. Normally only one hemisphere (usually the left) is capable of speech, but the other hemisphere is much bett ...
Neuroethology of reward and decision making
... Signals from the dopaminergic midbrain neurons influence processing within decision-making areas, primarily orbital and medial prefrontal cortices, that assign value to sensory stimuli (Schultz et al. 2000). Value signals in these areas may inform processing in areas such as dorsolateral prefrontal ...
... Signals from the dopaminergic midbrain neurons influence processing within decision-making areas, primarily orbital and medial prefrontal cortices, that assign value to sensory stimuli (Schultz et al. 2000). Value signals in these areas may inform processing in areas such as dorsolateral prefrontal ...
Receptive fields and suppressive fields in the
... antagonistic surround of the receptive field or if it constituted an unexplained suppressive phenomenon. Nonetheless, these results led to fruitful studies of intrageniculate inhibition (e.g. Singer et al., 1972), and to the description of previously unknown suppressive effects (Levick et al., 1972) ...
... antagonistic surround of the receptive field or if it constituted an unexplained suppressive phenomenon. Nonetheless, these results led to fruitful studies of intrageniculate inhibition (e.g. Singer et al., 1972), and to the description of previously unknown suppressive effects (Levick et al., 1972) ...
powerpoint lecture
... • Primary motor cortex • Brain stem nuclei Segmental level • Spinal cord © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... • Primary motor cortex • Brain stem nuclei Segmental level • Spinal cord © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
View PDF - MRC BNDU - University of Oxford
... E-mail: [email protected] Received 27 May 2011, revised 13 December 2011, accepted 13 December 2011 ...
... E-mail: [email protected] Received 27 May 2011, revised 13 December 2011, accepted 13 December 2011 ...
How Reliably Does a Neuron in the Visual Motion Pathway of fhe Fly
... assess the functional significance of neuronal noise, the noise has to be related to the stimulus-induced responses as are elicited by behaviourally relevant stimuli, i.e. stimuli that are similar to those experienced by a n animal in a normal behavioural situation. The relationship between stochast ...
... assess the functional significance of neuronal noise, the noise has to be related to the stimulus-induced responses as are elicited by behaviourally relevant stimuli, i.e. stimuli that are similar to those experienced by a n animal in a normal behavioural situation. The relationship between stochast ...
Impact of early-life stress on the medial prefrontal cortex functions
... Although anxiety and mood disorders (MDs) are the most common mental diseases, the etiologies and mechanisms of these psychopathologies are still a matter of debate. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is a brain structure that is strongly implicated in the pathophysiology of these disorders. A grow ...
... Although anxiety and mood disorders (MDs) are the most common mental diseases, the etiologies and mechanisms of these psychopathologies are still a matter of debate. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is a brain structure that is strongly implicated in the pathophysiology of these disorders. A grow ...
Microconnectomics of the Pretectum and Ventral Thalamus in the
... Crossland and Uchwat, 1979; Vega-Zuniga et al., 2014). Although the role of the GLv is still unclear, it has been implicated in optokinetic reflex modulation and head and eye orienting movements (Pateromichelakis, 1979; Guiloff et al., 1987; Gioanni et al., 1991). Apart from these general studies, d ...
... Crossland and Uchwat, 1979; Vega-Zuniga et al., 2014). Although the role of the GLv is still unclear, it has been implicated in optokinetic reflex modulation and head and eye orienting movements (Pateromichelakis, 1979; Guiloff et al., 1987; Gioanni et al., 1991). Apart from these general studies, d ...
NIH Public Access
... pulse-echo delay function (Fig. 2, 3A). These neurons typically respond somewhat to BF signals within one of the higher harmonic FM bands and show very little response to frequencies within the FM1 band, when these signals are presented separately. In response to the signal combinations, the neurons ...
... pulse-echo delay function (Fig. 2, 3A). These neurons typically respond somewhat to BF signals within one of the higher harmonic FM bands and show very little response to frequencies within the FM1 band, when these signals are presented separately. In response to the signal combinations, the neurons ...
Lecture 12
... the cortex. Unlike other cortical areas, it continuously generates new neurons, more than 1000/day. New neurons also appear in the olfactory bulb (the cortical area important for smell). This is not a coincidence. The hippocampus evolved from the olfactory bulb. The hippocampus is well connected, an ...
... the cortex. Unlike other cortical areas, it continuously generates new neurons, more than 1000/day. New neurons also appear in the olfactory bulb (the cortical area important for smell). This is not a coincidence. The hippocampus evolved from the olfactory bulb. The hippocampus is well connected, an ...
Central mechanisms regulating coordinated cardiovascular and
... clearly identify the particular neurons and pathways that mediate stress-evoked increases in arterial pressure, sympathetic activity, and respiratory activity. Furthermore, c-Fos expression occurs only after sustained stimulation of neurons and so this method cannot be used to identify cell populati ...
... clearly identify the particular neurons and pathways that mediate stress-evoked increases in arterial pressure, sympathetic activity, and respiratory activity. Furthermore, c-Fos expression occurs only after sustained stimulation of neurons and so this method cannot be used to identify cell populati ...
Figure 2.25
... • Prevents harmful substances in the blood from entering the brain • The cells that make up the walls of the blood vessel walls are squeezed close together, so many molecules cannot pass through ...
... • Prevents harmful substances in the blood from entering the brain • The cells that make up the walls of the blood vessel walls are squeezed close together, so many molecules cannot pass through ...
diencephalon - Loyola University Medical Education Network
... potentials, but followed by a longer period of inactivation, so in this state they are unable to transmit information about specific inputs accurately. (The amplification provided by these channels may act as a “lookout” but unable to participate in a detailed analysis; tonic mode may allow focusing ...
... potentials, but followed by a longer period of inactivation, so in this state they are unable to transmit information about specific inputs accurately. (The amplification provided by these channels may act as a “lookout” but unable to participate in a detailed analysis; tonic mode may allow focusing ...
Total Wiring Length Minimization of C. elegans Neural
... using materials from [1] and new electron micrographs reported an updated set of data on electrical and chemical connections of the hermaphrodite worm. Although [3] was published in 2011, this updated connectivity dataset had been obtained before, and employed for example, in [4]. This refined datas ...
... using materials from [1] and new electron micrographs reported an updated set of data on electrical and chemical connections of the hermaphrodite worm. Although [3] was published in 2011, this updated connectivity dataset had been obtained before, and employed for example, in [4]. This refined datas ...
Interoception and Emotion: a Neuroanatomical Perspective
... parabrachial nucleus (PB), and the periaqueductal gray (PAG). They converge at these sites with afferent activity associated with the parasympathetic system by way of the solitary nucleus. These sites are all heavily interconnected with the hypothalamus and amygdala. The crucial role of lamina I in ...
... parabrachial nucleus (PB), and the periaqueductal gray (PAG). They converge at these sites with afferent activity associated with the parasympathetic system by way of the solitary nucleus. These sites are all heavily interconnected with the hypothalamus and amygdala. The crucial role of lamina I in ...
Eichenbaum et al., 2012a, #15 - Fortin Lab @ UCI
... evidence from amnesia and functional imaging in humans, as well as lesion and single neuron recording studies in animals, several of ...
... evidence from amnesia and functional imaging in humans, as well as lesion and single neuron recording studies in animals, several of ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.