dynamics of pathomorphological changes in rat ischemic spinal cord
... The damaging effect of ischemia results in irreversible neuronal changes – the formation of focal necrosis and infarct core (1). For several hours the area of the central “punctate” infarction is surrounded by ischemic, but viable tissue – the so-called ischemic penumbra (2). In the area of the penu ...
... The damaging effect of ischemia results in irreversible neuronal changes – the formation of focal necrosis and infarct core (1). For several hours the area of the central “punctate” infarction is surrounded by ischemic, but viable tissue – the so-called ischemic penumbra (2). In the area of the penu ...
Emerging roles of Axin in cerebral cortical development
... with a leading process pointing toward the apical pia and a trailing process extending toward the ventricle. Directed by their leading processes, neurons migrate toward the cortical (i.e., pial) surface in an orderly progression to occupy their proper positions (Tsai and Gleeson, 2005). Each wave of ...
... with a leading process pointing toward the apical pia and a trailing process extending toward the ventricle. Directed by their leading processes, neurons migrate toward the cortical (i.e., pial) surface in an orderly progression to occupy their proper positions (Tsai and Gleeson, 2005). Each wave of ...
Poulet etal - Cornell University
... Fig. 4 Responses of auditory neurons to acoustic stimuli presented during silent singing. a Auditory afferents showed no modulation in their firing rate to acoustic stimuli and responded with a constant train of spikes during the chirp and chirp intervals. However, those spikes coinciding with PADs du ...
... Fig. 4 Responses of auditory neurons to acoustic stimuli presented during silent singing. a Auditory afferents showed no modulation in their firing rate to acoustic stimuli and responded with a constant train of spikes during the chirp and chirp intervals. However, those spikes coinciding with PADs du ...
Chapter 3 - University of South Alabama
... excitatory, and the other half produce inhibition. The relative activation of these two contrasting influences determine if the neuron will fire or not. Revision 2006 PSB ...
... excitatory, and the other half produce inhibition. The relative activation of these two contrasting influences determine if the neuron will fire or not. Revision 2006 PSB ...
memory systems in the brain
... of the intended relevance to humans, emphasis is placed here on research in nonhuman primates. This is important because many brain systems, including systems in the temporal lobes and the prefrontal cortex, have undergone considerable development in primates. The elaboration of some of these brain ...
... of the intended relevance to humans, emphasis is placed here on research in nonhuman primates. This is important because many brain systems, including systems in the temporal lobes and the prefrontal cortex, have undergone considerable development in primates. The elaboration of some of these brain ...
Brain Stimulation for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders
... Anderson did show, however, a reduced burst firing pattern during DBS, which may support the notion that DBS may exert its therapeutic effects via a modulation of basal ganglia firing patterns rather than by changing firing rates. Similar results have also been observed with a rodent model of DBS (C ...
... Anderson did show, however, a reduced burst firing pattern during DBS, which may support the notion that DBS may exert its therapeutic effects via a modulation of basal ganglia firing patterns rather than by changing firing rates. Similar results have also been observed with a rodent model of DBS (C ...
Toward a Unified Theory of Visual Area V4
... and has been a focus of many studies on visual attention. However, there is no unifying view of V4’s role in visual processing. Neither is there an understanding of how its role in feature processing interfaces with its role in visual attention. This review captures our current knowledge of V4, larg ...
... and has been a focus of many studies on visual attention. However, there is no unifying view of V4’s role in visual processing. Neither is there an understanding of how its role in feature processing interfaces with its role in visual attention. This review captures our current knowledge of V4, larg ...
Linking Topography to Tonotopy in the Mouse Auditory
... passing 0.8 !A of current for 12 s at one or two points of interest along the lateral-to-medial penetration (e.g., the lateral or medial extremes of tone-driven recording sites or reversals in frequency tuning). Analysis of individual FRAs. We performed two traditional measurements of preferred freq ...
... passing 0.8 !A of current for 12 s at one or two points of interest along the lateral-to-medial penetration (e.g., the lateral or medial extremes of tone-driven recording sites or reversals in frequency tuning). Analysis of individual FRAs. We performed two traditional measurements of preferred freq ...
damage to oligodendrocytes and axons following endothelin 1
... There has been growing awareness among neurobiologists in recent years regarding the importance of understanding the molecular interactions that occur between neurons and glia in the CNS, particularly as it pertains to CNS pathological states with major impacts on society, such as trauma, stroke, an ...
... There has been growing awareness among neurobiologists in recent years regarding the importance of understanding the molecular interactions that occur between neurons and glia in the CNS, particularly as it pertains to CNS pathological states with major impacts on society, such as trauma, stroke, an ...
2320Lecture20
... • Question: does attention modulate spike rate of neurons that respond to visual stimuli? ...
... • Question: does attention modulate spike rate of neurons that respond to visual stimuli? ...
- Wiley Online Library
... VMpo/VMb of macaque monkeys and humans can be seen in the thalamus of both strepsirhine and haplorhine primates, but not in rats or cats.41 Thus, primate encephalization apparently forged a direct ascending pathway for high-resolution homeostatic afferent information to reach the insular cortex, and ...
... VMpo/VMb of macaque monkeys and humans can be seen in the thalamus of both strepsirhine and haplorhine primates, but not in rats or cats.41 Thus, primate encephalization apparently forged a direct ascending pathway for high-resolution homeostatic afferent information to reach the insular cortex, and ...
6.12 Dorsal and Ventral Streams in the Sense of Touch
... the thalamus), S-I (primary somatosensory cortex, areas 3a, 3b, 1, and 2), S-II/PV (secondary somatosensory and parietal ventral cortex). Posterior parietal areas (blue): 5d/5v (rostral end of superior parietal lobule), PRR (parietal reach region, caudal end of superior parietal lobule), AIP (anteri ...
... the thalamus), S-I (primary somatosensory cortex, areas 3a, 3b, 1, and 2), S-II/PV (secondary somatosensory and parietal ventral cortex). Posterior parietal areas (blue): 5d/5v (rostral end of superior parietal lobule), PRR (parietal reach region, caudal end of superior parietal lobule), AIP (anteri ...
Multimodal Integration in Rostral Fastigial Nucleus Provides an
... signals underlies the accurate computation of body motion. Furthermore, the same neurons that encode body motion (i.e., bimodal neurons) most likely encode vestibular signals in a body-referenced coordinate frame, since the integration of proprioceptive and vestibular information is required for bot ...
... signals underlies the accurate computation of body motion. Furthermore, the same neurons that encode body motion (i.e., bimodal neurons) most likely encode vestibular signals in a body-referenced coordinate frame, since the integration of proprioceptive and vestibular information is required for bot ...
The role of mirror neurons in cognition
... our conscious lives. But answers to the really difficult questions such as how does a thought, mind, or consciousness emerge from mere chemical interactions of cells still remained far from our reach. It was becoming clear that anatomy and physiology by themselves were not sufficient to reveal every ...
... our conscious lives. But answers to the really difficult questions such as how does a thought, mind, or consciousness emerge from mere chemical interactions of cells still remained far from our reach. It was becoming clear that anatomy and physiology by themselves were not sufficient to reveal every ...
pdf file
... discussed: mirror neurons and internal simulation. Together they realise an individual’s mental function of mirroring mental processes of another individual. 2.1 The Discovery of Mirror Neurons Recently it has been found that in humans a specific type of neurons exists, called mirror neurons, which ...
... discussed: mirror neurons and internal simulation. Together they realise an individual’s mental function of mirroring mental processes of another individual. 2.1 The Discovery of Mirror Neurons Recently it has been found that in humans a specific type of neurons exists, called mirror neurons, which ...
here - University of California San Diego
... Studies show that limited functional recovery can be achieved by plasticity and adaptation of the remaining circuitry in partial injuries in the central nervous system, although the new circuits that arise in these contexts have not been clearly identified or characterized. We show here that synaptic ...
... Studies show that limited functional recovery can be achieved by plasticity and adaptation of the remaining circuitry in partial injuries in the central nervous system, although the new circuits that arise in these contexts have not been clearly identified or characterized. We show here that synaptic ...
Cortical modulation of pain
... cord dorsal horn, where a number of different mechanisms have been shown, or postulated, to mediate interruption of transmission of nociceptive information to higher centers [14, 15]. The second site is the periaqueductal gray matter, which is firmly established as a region that when appropriately a ...
... cord dorsal horn, where a number of different mechanisms have been shown, or postulated, to mediate interruption of transmission of nociceptive information to higher centers [14, 15]. The second site is the periaqueductal gray matter, which is firmly established as a region that when appropriately a ...
Spontaneous plasticity in the injured spinal cord
... motor cortex, and red nucleus can be followed by compensatory collateral sprouting.7 Recently we investigated whether intrinsic circuitry of the spinal cord, like that of the cortex and brainstem (see Figure 2), could also undergo compensatory sprouting after injury, and whether such sprouting, if p ...
... motor cortex, and red nucleus can be followed by compensatory collateral sprouting.7 Recently we investigated whether intrinsic circuitry of the spinal cord, like that of the cortex and brainstem (see Figure 2), could also undergo compensatory sprouting after injury, and whether such sprouting, if p ...
Effective connectivity of the subthalamic nucleus
... monoaminergic and other inputs with functions that are poorly understood. Although dopaminergic inputs to basal ganglia–thalamocortical circuits are important for controlling the activity patterns therein (Hammond et al. 2007), we did not include the connections of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in o ...
... monoaminergic and other inputs with functions that are poorly understood. Although dopaminergic inputs to basal ganglia–thalamocortical circuits are important for controlling the activity patterns therein (Hammond et al. 2007), we did not include the connections of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in o ...
Research Presentation Slides - Emory University School of Medicine
... disorders involving the basal ganglia, such as Parkinson’s disease. • Parkinson’s is now recognized as one of a number of “Circuit Disorders” ...
... disorders involving the basal ganglia, such as Parkinson’s disease. • Parkinson’s is now recognized as one of a number of “Circuit Disorders” ...
THALAMUS
... the thalamus, separating it into medial and lateral nuclear masses. The medial mass consists of the medial nuclear group; the lateral mass contains the lateral nuclear group and the ventral nuclear group. In the rostral part of the thalamus the internal medullary lamina splits to form a partial caps ...
... the thalamus, separating it into medial and lateral nuclear masses. The medial mass consists of the medial nuclear group; the lateral mass contains the lateral nuclear group and the ventral nuclear group. In the rostral part of the thalamus the internal medullary lamina splits to form a partial caps ...
11-1 FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 1. Sensory input
... A. Stimulus strength: A weak stimulus produces a small graded potential, whereas a stronger stimulus produces a larger graded potential. B. Stimulus frequency: If stimuli (of the same strength) are applied rapidly, one after the other, the effect of the second stimulus summates, or accumulates, prod ...
... A. Stimulus strength: A weak stimulus produces a small graded potential, whereas a stronger stimulus produces a larger graded potential. B. Stimulus frequency: If stimuli (of the same strength) are applied rapidly, one after the other, the effect of the second stimulus summates, or accumulates, prod ...
Flexible sequence learning in a SOM model of the mirror system
... neurons may or may not be useful/essential for (see for instance Hickok, 2008; Rizzolatti & Sinigaglia, 2010, for such a debate), it appears that parietal mirror neurons in macaque monkeys organise into pools of neurons responding to specific motion primitives (e.g. a reach or a grasp but not both; ...
... neurons may or may not be useful/essential for (see for instance Hickok, 2008; Rizzolatti & Sinigaglia, 2010, for such a debate), it appears that parietal mirror neurons in macaque monkeys organise into pools of neurons responding to specific motion primitives (e.g. a reach or a grasp but not both; ...
48x36 Poster Template
... My topic is neuronal primary cilia and the role they play in neuro-degeneration. Even though cilia were discovered over 100 years ago, many scientists to this day do not know the function of primary cilia. My research question is: What role do neuronal primary cilia have in the neuro-degeneration in ...
... My topic is neuronal primary cilia and the role they play in neuro-degeneration. Even though cilia were discovered over 100 years ago, many scientists to this day do not know the function of primary cilia. My research question is: What role do neuronal primary cilia have in the neuro-degeneration in ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.