Master Thesis - Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Development
... arealisation would take place on the basis of information intrinsic to the early cortical primordium. Positional values would be encoded by the graded expression of specific genes whitin the cortical proliferative epithelium. This positional information would be epigenetically transferred from neuro ...
... arealisation would take place on the basis of information intrinsic to the early cortical primordium. Positional values would be encoded by the graded expression of specific genes whitin the cortical proliferative epithelium. This positional information would be epigenetically transferred from neuro ...
Essentials in the neuronal organization of the CNS
... The neuronal organization of the central nervous system provides the backbone to the functional studies of the nervous system. Without the fundamental knowledge of the form, location and connectivity of the neurons in the brain and in the spinal cord, neurological diagnosis would be impossible. Exce ...
... The neuronal organization of the central nervous system provides the backbone to the functional studies of the nervous system. Without the fundamental knowledge of the form, location and connectivity of the neurons in the brain and in the spinal cord, neurological diagnosis would be impossible. Exce ...
From Nerve Cells to Cognition: The Internal
... each system are sensitive to a particular kind of physical event—light, pressure, tone, or chemical odorants. When a receptor is stimulated—when, for example, a receptor cell in the retina is excited by light—it responds with a distinct pattern of firing that represents certain properties of the sti ...
... each system are sensitive to a particular kind of physical event—light, pressure, tone, or chemical odorants. When a receptor is stimulated—when, for example, a receptor cell in the retina is excited by light—it responds with a distinct pattern of firing that represents certain properties of the sti ...
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials Trigger a Plateau Potential in Rat
... 2001. The subthalamic nucleus (STN) directly innervates the output structures of the basal ganglia, playing a key role in basal ganglia function. It is therefore important to understand the regulatory mechanisms for the activity of STN neurons. In the present study, we aimed to investigate how the i ...
... 2001. The subthalamic nucleus (STN) directly innervates the output structures of the basal ganglia, playing a key role in basal ganglia function. It is therefore important to understand the regulatory mechanisms for the activity of STN neurons. In the present study, we aimed to investigate how the i ...
Sensory Pathways
... 1. Most often, these two divisions have opposing effects • If the sympathetic division causes excitation, the ...
... 1. Most often, these two divisions have opposing effects • If the sympathetic division causes excitation, the ...
Location of the polysensory zone in the precentral gyrus
... receptive field. Objects farther than about 20 cm from the body did not give consistent responses. One site had a visual response but no detectable somatosensory response. The visual response at this location was similar to the responses found at the other locations, in that it was best for objects ...
... receptive field. Objects farther than about 20 cm from the body did not give consistent responses. One site had a visual response but no detectable somatosensory response. The visual response at this location was similar to the responses found at the other locations, in that it was best for objects ...
Morphology of Thalamocortical Neurons Projecting
... or larger somata with multipolar shapes and four to eight primary dendrites. Samples of LY-filled,immunocytochemically stained SI-projecting neurons located in VPL are shown in Figure 2. Most SI-projecting neurons in VPI were medium-sized or small, and had four to eight primary dendrites (see Fig. 3 ...
... or larger somata with multipolar shapes and four to eight primary dendrites. Samples of LY-filled,immunocytochemically stained SI-projecting neurons located in VPL are shown in Figure 2. Most SI-projecting neurons in VPI were medium-sized or small, and had four to eight primary dendrites (see Fig. 3 ...
Cortical mechanisms of sensory learning and object recognition
... object learning will rely heavily on the neural coding of objects, with the assumption that this has been built up through experience. Nearly all studies on the neural basis of object learning and categorization monitor neural responses before and after learning, rather than tracking the process its ...
... object learning will rely heavily on the neural coding of objects, with the assumption that this has been built up through experience. Nearly all studies on the neural basis of object learning and categorization monitor neural responses before and after learning, rather than tracking the process its ...
The primate basal ganglia: parallel and integrative networks
... The basal ganglia and frontal cortex operate together to execute goal directed behaviors. This requires not only the execution of motor plans, but also the behaviors that lead to this execution, including emotions and motivation that drive behaviors, cognition that organizes and plans the general st ...
... The basal ganglia and frontal cortex operate together to execute goal directed behaviors. This requires not only the execution of motor plans, but also the behaviors that lead to this execution, including emotions and motivation that drive behaviors, cognition that organizes and plans the general st ...
Functional territories in primate substantia nigra pars reticulata
... Behavioral task. Behavioral tasks were controlled by a QNX-based real-time experimentation data acquisition system [REX, Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health (LSR/NEI/NIH), Bethesda, MD]. The monkey sat in a primate chair, facing a frontoparallel ...
... Behavioral task. Behavioral tasks were controlled by a QNX-based real-time experimentation data acquisition system [REX, Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health (LSR/NEI/NIH), Bethesda, MD]. The monkey sat in a primate chair, facing a frontoparallel ...
Muscle Receptor Organs in the Crayfish Abdomen: A Student
... are interoceptors and sense stimuli within the body instead of from the outside world. In the vertebrate system, it appears that many of the joint and tension receptors are not necessary to detect gross proprioceptive information. The annulospiral and flowerspray (sensory nerve endings) receptors on ...
... are interoceptors and sense stimuli within the body instead of from the outside world. In the vertebrate system, it appears that many of the joint and tension receptors are not necessary to detect gross proprioceptive information. The annulospiral and flowerspray (sensory nerve endings) receptors on ...
Reticular Formation
... These reticulothalamics were originally thought to be the substrate for the reticular activating system of Moruzzi and Magoun. Carpenter ...
... These reticulothalamics were originally thought to be the substrate for the reticular activating system of Moruzzi and Magoun. Carpenter ...
MS WORD file
... monitor aspects in the range fractionation in movements and positions of the joint. A less complex proprioceptive system of monitoring joint movements and positions is the muscle receptor organs (MROs) in the abdomen of crayfish (Eckert, 1961a,b; McCarthy and MacMillan, 1995). The mechanoreceptors i ...
... monitor aspects in the range fractionation in movements and positions of the joint. A less complex proprioceptive system of monitoring joint movements and positions is the muscle receptor organs (MROs) in the abdomen of crayfish (Eckert, 1961a,b; McCarthy and MacMillan, 1995). The mechanoreceptors i ...
Saladin 5e Extended Outline
... 3. Anterior to the cerebral aqueduct, the midbrain consists mainly of the two cerebral peduncles that anchor the cerebrum to the brain stem; each peduncle has three main components: tegmentum, substantia nigra, and cerebral crus. a. The tegmentum is dominated by the red nucleus, whose fibers form th ...
... 3. Anterior to the cerebral aqueduct, the midbrain consists mainly of the two cerebral peduncles that anchor the cerebrum to the brain stem; each peduncle has three main components: tegmentum, substantia nigra, and cerebral crus. a. The tegmentum is dominated by the red nucleus, whose fibers form th ...
Chapter_28_HB_Nervous_System
... • Excitatory neurotransmitters trigger action potentials in the receiving cell • Inhibitory neurotransmitters decrease the cell’s ability to develop action potentials • The summation of excitation and inhibition determines whether or not the cell will transmit a nerve signal ...
... • Excitatory neurotransmitters trigger action potentials in the receiving cell • Inhibitory neurotransmitters decrease the cell’s ability to develop action potentials • The summation of excitation and inhibition determines whether or not the cell will transmit a nerve signal ...
Supervised learning - TKK Automation Technology Laboratory
... • Data (matrices P and T) is in “superdata.mat” • Input data (P) is recorded from four successful runs through a certain zig-zag route (Red Bull Air Race etc) using a simulator. First four rows of P are the rudder angles, next four rows of P are the elevator angles of the same run. The first row of ...
... • Data (matrices P and T) is in “superdata.mat” • Input data (P) is recorded from four successful runs through a certain zig-zag route (Red Bull Air Race etc) using a simulator. First four rows of P are the rudder angles, next four rows of P are the elevator angles of the same run. The first row of ...
Action Potential Backpropagation and Somato
... Initiation and backpropagation of action potentials Simultaneous whole-cell current-clamp recordings were made from the soma and dendrites of TC neurons. Electrical stimulation of the sensory input (optic tract) (n ⫽ 6) or cortical backprojection (n ⫽ 8) evoked EPSPs that led to the generation of ei ...
... Initiation and backpropagation of action potentials Simultaneous whole-cell current-clamp recordings were made from the soma and dendrites of TC neurons. Electrical stimulation of the sensory input (optic tract) (n ⫽ 6) or cortical backprojection (n ⫽ 8) evoked EPSPs that led to the generation of ei ...
Biology 11 - Human Anatomy Lecture
... II. Introduction to the _____ A. The PNS conveys impulses to and from the ____ and includes the: 1. Sensory ______________ within sensory organs 2. ____________ & their associated ganglia 3. Nerve ____________ B. __________ of the PNS are classified as either 1. _____________ nerves - arise from the ...
... II. Introduction to the _____ A. The PNS conveys impulses to and from the ____ and includes the: 1. Sensory ______________ within sensory organs 2. ____________ & their associated ganglia 3. Nerve ____________ B. __________ of the PNS are classified as either 1. _____________ nerves - arise from the ...
The Interacting Neuroendocrine Network in Stress
... nervous system (ANS) functional hyperactivities [11]. For instance, it has been observed that neonatal handling of rats induces a lower HPA reactivity and a slower rate of aging of cognitive functions associated with a reduced loss of hippocampal function [12,13]. In addition, different studies have ...
... nervous system (ANS) functional hyperactivities [11]. For instance, it has been observed that neonatal handling of rats induces a lower HPA reactivity and a slower rate of aging of cognitive functions associated with a reduced loss of hippocampal function [12,13]. In addition, different studies have ...
Motor areas of the frontal lobe by Jarrod Blinch
... likely to originate from giant pyramidal (Betz) cells (Geyer et al, 2000). Corticomotoneurons rarely connect to just one muscle but rather a small group of muscles, which may even involve movements at different joints. This grouping allows task-specific combinations of movements, for example, activa ...
... likely to originate from giant pyramidal (Betz) cells (Geyer et al, 2000). Corticomotoneurons rarely connect to just one muscle but rather a small group of muscles, which may even involve movements at different joints. This grouping allows task-specific combinations of movements, for example, activa ...
(2006) A cognitive signal for the proactive timing of action in
... activity should predict the precise time of proactive hand movements whenever these movements occur during a trial. Again analyzing the 40 LIP cells with elevated modulation indices, we plotted the populationaveraged activity from proactive trials, aligned to the start of dot motion and grouped by t ...
... activity should predict the precise time of proactive hand movements whenever these movements occur during a trial. Again analyzing the 40 LIP cells with elevated modulation indices, we plotted the populationaveraged activity from proactive trials, aligned to the start of dot motion and grouped by t ...
Chapter 122: Neurocircuitry Of Parkinson`s Disease
... 262), although additional, more divergent circuits may also exist (149,256,262,266). The STN also provides a dense feedback projection to the GPe (35,52,205,216,256,258,264) and projections to the striatum (22,230,265), the SNc (158,261,264), the pedunculopontine nucleus (124,158,230), and the spina ...
... 262), although additional, more divergent circuits may also exist (149,256,262,266). The STN also provides a dense feedback projection to the GPe (35,52,205,216,256,258,264) and projections to the striatum (22,230,265), the SNc (158,261,264), the pedunculopontine nucleus (124,158,230), and the spina ...
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF VISUAL AREA MT
... attributes that have made it particularly attractive to systems neuroscientists. This region is typical of extrastriate cortex but is still readily identifiable both anatomically and functionally. Though extrastriate, it is still quite close to the retina—its principle inputs as few as five synapses f ...
... attributes that have made it particularly attractive to systems neuroscientists. This region is typical of extrastriate cortex but is still readily identifiable both anatomically and functionally. Though extrastriate, it is still quite close to the retina—its principle inputs as few as five synapses f ...
The subiculum comes of age
... molecular and the polymorphic layers of the subiculum are contiguous with the stratum lacunosummoleculare and the stratum radiatum of CA1, respectively. Pyramidal subicular cells are glutamatergic neurons with a major apical dendrite ascending to the molecular layer before it ramifies (Fig. 1B). GABA ...
... molecular and the polymorphic layers of the subiculum are contiguous with the stratum lacunosummoleculare and the stratum radiatum of CA1, respectively. Pyramidal subicular cells are glutamatergic neurons with a major apical dendrite ascending to the molecular layer before it ramifies (Fig. 1B). GABA ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.