Electrophysiological and Pharmacological Evidence for the Role of
... activity in the NAS of anesthetized animals, an effect that appears to be mediated by both D, and D, dopamine receptors (White and Wang, 1986; White et al., 1987). Moreover, it has been suggested that the synergistic action of these two dopamine receptor subtypes may be necessary for the full expres ...
... activity in the NAS of anesthetized animals, an effect that appears to be mediated by both D, and D, dopamine receptors (White and Wang, 1986; White et al., 1987). Moreover, it has been suggested that the synergistic action of these two dopamine receptor subtypes may be necessary for the full expres ...
Multimodal imaging and the neural basis of EEG and fMRI
... creates an electrical potential (about -70 millivolt) between the inside and the outside of the cell. Neurotransmitter leads to the opening of ions channels through which some ions, such as sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-), potassium (K+) and calcium (Ca2+) will diffuse. ...
... creates an electrical potential (about -70 millivolt) between the inside and the outside of the cell. Neurotransmitter leads to the opening of ions channels through which some ions, such as sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-), potassium (K+) and calcium (Ca2+) will diffuse. ...
Goldman nottebohm neuronal production migration diff in adult female canary brain pnas 1983
... FIG. 5. Electron micrograph of a thin (100-150 pm) section adjacent to that shown as a 1-pm section in Fig. 4B. This cell has a large nucleus (N) with dispersed chromatin, prominent Golgi apparatus, an abundant cytoplasm with extensive rough endoplasmicreticulum, axonal hillock (A), and in this sect ...
... FIG. 5. Electron micrograph of a thin (100-150 pm) section adjacent to that shown as a 1-pm section in Fig. 4B. This cell has a large nucleus (N) with dispersed chromatin, prominent Golgi apparatus, an abundant cytoplasm with extensive rough endoplasmicreticulum, axonal hillock (A), and in this sect ...
Somatosensory Substrates of Flight Control in Bats
... their wings, they produce complex aerodynamic trails (Hedenström et al., 2007; Hubel et al., 2010). The air flowing over the wing stimulates microscopic hairs distributed over its dorsal and ventral surfaces. Hair follicles, a uniquely mammalian adaptation, are innervated by touch receptors that re ...
... their wings, they produce complex aerodynamic trails (Hedenström et al., 2007; Hubel et al., 2010). The air flowing over the wing stimulates microscopic hairs distributed over its dorsal and ventral surfaces. Hair follicles, a uniquely mammalian adaptation, are innervated by touch receptors that re ...
ROLE OF EARLY ACOUSTIC EXPERIENCE IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE RAT by
... Experiment 1, I used two converging electrophysiological techniques to determine the effects of patterned acoustic deprivation (through exposure to continuous, moderate-level white noise; cWN) on the functional properties of neurons in the central auditory system. In Experiment 2, I used Golgi-Cox s ...
... Experiment 1, I used two converging electrophysiological techniques to determine the effects of patterned acoustic deprivation (through exposure to continuous, moderate-level white noise; cWN) on the functional properties of neurons in the central auditory system. In Experiment 2, I used Golgi-Cox s ...
PDF
... cells. The GCD also receives inputs from multiple higher auditory centers, such as the superior olivary complex (Brown et al., 1988b), the inferior colliculus (Caicedo and Herbert, 1993), and the auditory cortex (Feliciano et al., 1995; Weedman and Ryugo, 1996). Ascending terminals in the GCD arise ...
... cells. The GCD also receives inputs from multiple higher auditory centers, such as the superior olivary complex (Brown et al., 1988b), the inferior colliculus (Caicedo and Herbert, 1993), and the auditory cortex (Feliciano et al., 1995; Weedman and Ryugo, 1996). Ascending terminals in the GCD arise ...
Mirror neurons and their clinical relevance
... has been the discovery of a mechanism that unifies action perception and action execution. The essence of this ‘mirror’ mechanism is as follows: whenever individuals observe an action being done by someone else, a set of neurons that code for that action is activated in the observers’ motor system. ...
... has been the discovery of a mechanism that unifies action perception and action execution. The essence of this ‘mirror’ mechanism is as follows: whenever individuals observe an action being done by someone else, a set of neurons that code for that action is activated in the observers’ motor system. ...
video slide - Buena Park High School
... Rising phase of the action potential Depolarization opens the activation gates on most Na+ channels, while the K+ channels’ activation gates remain closed. Na+ influx makes the inside of the membrane positive with respect to the outside. Na+ ...
... Rising phase of the action potential Depolarization opens the activation gates on most Na+ channels, while the K+ channels’ activation gates remain closed. Na+ influx makes the inside of the membrane positive with respect to the outside. Na+ ...
chapter two neural networks
... 2.3 are neuronal cell bodies (soma), each neuron has long, thin nerve fibres called dendrites that bring information in and even longer fibres called axons that send ...
... 2.3 are neuronal cell bodies (soma), each neuron has long, thin nerve fibres called dendrites that bring information in and even longer fibres called axons that send ...
Brain activity during non-automatic motor production of discrete multi
... associated with working memory, comparison, and response to þ/ cues. The TIMEPRESSURE contrast should therefore control for activity associated with these processes; because MOTOR involved only a simple motor response and no memory or comparison processes, however, the TIMEMOTOR contrast should o ...
... associated with working memory, comparison, and response to þ/ cues. The TIMEPRESSURE contrast should therefore control for activity associated with these processes; because MOTOR involved only a simple motor response and no memory or comparison processes, however, the TIMEMOTOR contrast should o ...
Canty, J Neurosci 2009 - Carlos Ibanez Lab @ KI
... of Cb ⫹ cells in more rostromedial and caudomedial areas, corresponding to prospective motor and retrosplenial cortices (Fig. 1 D, E). This indicated that not all regions of the cerebral cortex are equally affected by the loss of GFR␣1 expression. Parvalbumin holes in the cerebral cortex of adult ci ...
... of Cb ⫹ cells in more rostromedial and caudomedial areas, corresponding to prospective motor and retrosplenial cortices (Fig. 1 D, E). This indicated that not all regions of the cerebral cortex are equally affected by the loss of GFR␣1 expression. Parvalbumin holes in the cerebral cortex of adult ci ...
Table of Contents
... Synaptic cleft Presynaptic neuron – Synaptic vesicles – Neurotransmitters Postsynaptic neuron – Receptor sites ...
... Synaptic cleft Presynaptic neuron – Synaptic vesicles – Neurotransmitters Postsynaptic neuron – Receptor sites ...
Dynamics and Synchronization of Motifs of Neuronal Populations in the Presence
... Along the history, a multitude of clinical studies involving brain damage show that some brain functions depend on the integrity of specific brain areas (Kolb and Whishaw, 1990; Sporns, 2010). This represents another rich field supporting the principle of segregation in the brain. Altogether, these ...
... Along the history, a multitude of clinical studies involving brain damage show that some brain functions depend on the integrity of specific brain areas (Kolb and Whishaw, 1990; Sporns, 2010). This represents another rich field supporting the principle of segregation in the brain. Altogether, these ...
Rhythmicity, randomness and synchrony in climbing fiber signals
... indicated by multiple peaks in autocorrelograms. These results suggest that any input to the inferior olive, whether it is inhibitory (GABA) or excitatory (glutamate), suppresses rhythmicity. The inferior olive receives abundant GABAergic inputs from the cerebellar nuclei, and excitatory inputs from ...
... indicated by multiple peaks in autocorrelograms. These results suggest that any input to the inferior olive, whether it is inhibitory (GABA) or excitatory (glutamate), suppresses rhythmicity. The inferior olive receives abundant GABAergic inputs from the cerebellar nuclei, and excitatory inputs from ...
Mayberg HS, Lozano AM. (2009). Targeted electrode
... cingulotomy (66) in patients who had previously not responded to medication treatment, identifying a potential marker of treatment resistance (11, 62, 68). Systematic characterization of these potential predictive patterns alone or in combination with genetic markers (69) has important therapeutic i ...
... cingulotomy (66) in patients who had previously not responded to medication treatment, identifying a potential marker of treatment resistance (11, 62, 68). Systematic characterization of these potential predictive patterns alone or in combination with genetic markers (69) has important therapeutic i ...
Cortical Motor Organization, Mirror Neurons, and
... visual details. In the first study (Caggiano et al. 2009) the visual response of mirror neurons have been analyzed during observation of an experimenter grasping a piece of food within the monkey reaching space (peripersonal space), or far from the monkey (extrapersonal space). The study showed that ...
... visual details. In the first study (Caggiano et al. 2009) the visual response of mirror neurons have been analyzed during observation of an experimenter grasping a piece of food within the monkey reaching space (peripersonal space), or far from the monkey (extrapersonal space). The study showed that ...
Control of Appetite and Food Preference by NMDA Receptor and Its
... hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and midbrain. In particular, the mesolimbic dopamine to the ratings of meal pleasantness and activates reward circuitry [15,16]. Enjoying a reward system (dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and its mesolimbic projections) (“hedonic”, pleasu ...
... hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and midbrain. In particular, the mesolimbic dopamine to the ratings of meal pleasantness and activates reward circuitry [15,16]. Enjoying a reward system (dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and its mesolimbic projections) (“hedonic”, pleasu ...
Spinal Sensorimotor System: An Overview
... Figure 2 illustrates the structure of the spinal nerves. Each side consists of a dorsal root and a ventral root. The dorsal root is the pathway for incoming sensory signals. Just before entering the spinal cord the dorsal root bulges out in a structure called the dorsal root ganglion, which contains ...
... Figure 2 illustrates the structure of the spinal nerves. Each side consists of a dorsal root and a ventral root. The dorsal root is the pathway for incoming sensory signals. Just before entering the spinal cord the dorsal root bulges out in a structure called the dorsal root ganglion, which contains ...
Induction of NADPH diaphoraselnitric oxide synthase in the spinal
... induction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) reactivity and nitric oxide synthase-like immunoreactivity (NOS-LI) in the ventral horn motoneurons of the spinal cord in rats subjected to a single or multiple underground, or a single surface blast. Both enzyme activitie ...
... induction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) reactivity and nitric oxide synthase-like immunoreactivity (NOS-LI) in the ventral horn motoneurons of the spinal cord in rats subjected to a single or multiple underground, or a single surface blast. Both enzyme activitie ...
The Design and Function of Cochlear Implants
... was, the cochlear implant did not restore normal hearing to Scott. The electrode array produced a stimulus that was only a crude mimicry of the signals in a normal cochlea. But as this example shows, a very high level of functionality can be restored by a neural prosthesis that does not recreate the ...
... was, the cochlear implant did not restore normal hearing to Scott. The electrode array produced a stimulus that was only a crude mimicry of the signals in a normal cochlea. But as this example shows, a very high level of functionality can be restored by a neural prosthesis that does not recreate the ...
Report Decoding Individual Episodic Memory Traces in the Human
... in the hippocampus [3]. Although this shows that spatial memories can be decoded, substantially more challenging, and arguably only possible to investigate in humans [4], is whether it is feasible to predict which complex everyday experience, or episodic memory, a person is recalling. Here we docume ...
... in the hippocampus [3]. Although this shows that spatial memories can be decoded, substantially more challenging, and arguably only possible to investigate in humans [4], is whether it is feasible to predict which complex everyday experience, or episodic memory, a person is recalling. Here we docume ...
Kandel and Schwartz, 4th Edition Principles of Neural Science Chap
... one or another kind of stimulus and encode information about the stimulus, such as its location and intensity. The receptors in turn excite sensory neurons that form connections with discrete sets of neurons in the spinal cord. The information from each receptor is then analyzed in the brain stem, ...
... one or another kind of stimulus and encode information about the stimulus, such as its location and intensity. The receptors in turn excite sensory neurons that form connections with discrete sets of neurons in the spinal cord. The information from each receptor is then analyzed in the brain stem, ...
• 1 1) The nonspecific ascending pathways ______. A) are
... A) molecular weight of types of neurons B) counts of neurons per fiber bundle C) structurally distinct cortical areas D) rates of neural division in embryogenesis Answer: C 28 28) Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are ________. A) pyramidal and corticospinal B) extrap ...
... A) molecular weight of types of neurons B) counts of neurons per fiber bundle C) structurally distinct cortical areas D) rates of neural division in embryogenesis Answer: C 28 28) Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are ________. A) pyramidal and corticospinal B) extrap ...
Univerzita Karlova v Praze Přírodovědecká fakulta
... This review is focused on drugs of the group of opioids but, to a lesser extent, some attention is devoted also to amphetamine-type stimulants and cocaine and their effects on neuroglia. Opioids, mainly morphine, have been used for relieving pain for a long time. Their effects have been known since ...
... This review is focused on drugs of the group of opioids but, to a lesser extent, some attention is devoted also to amphetamine-type stimulants and cocaine and their effects on neuroglia. Opioids, mainly morphine, have been used for relieving pain for a long time. Their effects have been known since ...
The neurophysiological correlates of motor tics following focal
... The cortico-basal ganglia pathway is involved in normal motor control and implicated in multiple movement disorders. Brief repetitive muscle contractions known as motor tics are a common symptom in several basal ganglia related motor disorders. We used focal micro-injections of the GABA-A antagonist ...
... The cortico-basal ganglia pathway is involved in normal motor control and implicated in multiple movement disorders. Brief repetitive muscle contractions known as motor tics are a common symptom in several basal ganglia related motor disorders. We used focal micro-injections of the GABA-A antagonist ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.