Afferents to the Optic Tectum of the Leopard Frog: An HRP Study
... Scalia and Colman, '75 . Apparently forebrain visual areas do not influence the tectum directly, although a pretectal or tegmental relay may exist. Neary ('76) recently demonstrated ipsilateral retinotectals in several families of anurans. Our study did not reveal this pathway. However, in ranid fro ...
... Scalia and Colman, '75 . Apparently forebrain visual areas do not influence the tectum directly, although a pretectal or tegmental relay may exist. Neary ('76) recently demonstrated ipsilateral retinotectals in several families of anurans. Our study did not reveal this pathway. However, in ranid fro ...
ppt - IISER Pune
... Sensitive period – A limited time during development, during which the effect of experience on brain function is ...
... Sensitive period – A limited time during development, during which the effect of experience on brain function is ...
emotional learning: a computational model of the amygdala
... ¢ndings from neurophysiology can be used to give new insights into the emotional process in a two-process model. Our aim is to show how data from learning theory combined with neurophysiological ¢ndings can be used to construct a computational model of emotional processing. However, the model we pre ...
... ¢ndings from neurophysiology can be used to give new insights into the emotional process in a two-process model. Our aim is to show how data from learning theory combined with neurophysiological ¢ndings can be used to construct a computational model of emotional processing. However, the model we pre ...
Eagleman Ch 14. Motivation and Reward
... increased by an unexpected reward. If the stimulus is preceded by a signal, the animal learns that the signal predicts the stimulus, and will react to the signal. This predicted reward does not alter the firing rate of the neurons. ...
... increased by an unexpected reward. If the stimulus is preceded by a signal, the animal learns that the signal predicts the stimulus, and will react to the signal. This predicted reward does not alter the firing rate of the neurons. ...
GABAergic Influence on Taste Information in the Central Gustatory
... afferent gustatory information, initial processing of taste stimuli has been shown to take place, and this processing may be mediated by GABAergic synapses. This CNS location has been the focus of most of the research on GABAergic processing of gustatory information in the afferent gustatory pathway ...
... afferent gustatory information, initial processing of taste stimuli has been shown to take place, and this processing may be mediated by GABAergic synapses. This CNS location has been the focus of most of the research on GABAergic processing of gustatory information in the afferent gustatory pathway ...
Before and below `theory of mind`: embodied
... actions could be either object-directed, like a human, monkey or dog biting a piece of food, or communicative, like human silent speech, monkey lip-smacking and dog barking. The results showed that the observation of all biting actions led to the activation of the mirror neuron system, encompassing ...
... actions could be either object-directed, like a human, monkey or dog biting a piece of food, or communicative, like human silent speech, monkey lip-smacking and dog barking. The results showed that the observation of all biting actions led to the activation of the mirror neuron system, encompassing ...
07-Managing Pain
... Gate control theory of pain • Sensory input is not the only factor – Changes in the spinal column and brain control the flow of neural impulses – Parts of spinal column can either • increase (open the gate) or • decrease (close the gate) ...
... Gate control theory of pain • Sensory input is not the only factor – Changes in the spinal column and brain control the flow of neural impulses – Parts of spinal column can either • increase (open the gate) or • decrease (close the gate) ...
Chapter_02 Edited
... that bridges the gap between two neurons Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
... that bridges the gap between two neurons Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
Functional organization of inferior parietal lobule convexity in the
... multiunit activity) identified at each recoding site was noted for each penetration and used to reconstruct the functional organization of the IPL. Only sites located between the cortical surface and a depth of 3000 lm were included in the database. This depth was chosen in order to include the corte ...
... multiunit activity) identified at each recoding site was noted for each penetration and used to reconstruct the functional organization of the IPL. Only sites located between the cortical surface and a depth of 3000 lm were included in the database. This depth was chosen in order to include the corte ...
Post-Operative Time Effects after Sciatic Nerve Crush on the
... most conspicuous phenomena that occur in response to injuries. In this research, the effects of postoperative time following sciatic nerve crush on the number of spinal motoneurons were investigated. Twelve adult male Wistar rats, whose left sciatic nerves were highly compressed for 30 s, assigned t ...
... most conspicuous phenomena that occur in response to injuries. In this research, the effects of postoperative time following sciatic nerve crush on the number of spinal motoneurons were investigated. Twelve adult male Wistar rats, whose left sciatic nerves were highly compressed for 30 s, assigned t ...
Disruption of Target Interactions Prevents the Development of
... developmental mechanismsthat give rise to the differential expression of neuropeptides by individual neurons are incompletely understood. One of the first stepstoward understanding how diverse peptidergic phenotypes are generated is elucidating the pattern of peptide expressionduring normal developm ...
... developmental mechanismsthat give rise to the differential expression of neuropeptides by individual neurons are incompletely understood. One of the first stepstoward understanding how diverse peptidergic phenotypes are generated is elucidating the pattern of peptide expressionduring normal developm ...
Integrating Optogenetic and Pharmacological Approaches to Study
... in psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, autism, and various intellectual disorders (Rubenstein and Merzenich, 2003; Benes, 2010; Uhlhaas and Singer, 2010; Yizhar et al., 2011b; Marin, 2012). More specifically, dysfunctional circuit mechanisms within the FS interneurons that selectively expr ...
... in psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, autism, and various intellectual disorders (Rubenstein and Merzenich, 2003; Benes, 2010; Uhlhaas and Singer, 2010; Yizhar et al., 2011b; Marin, 2012). More specifically, dysfunctional circuit mechanisms within the FS interneurons that selectively expr ...
The Switch of Subthalamic Neurons From an Irregular to a Bursting
... Japan), except the region overlying the STN and the bregma suture (stereotaxic reference point). A U-shaped piece of aluminum, fixed to a flexible carriage (GFG Co., Pierre-Bénite, Rhoˆne, France) fastened to the stereotaxic apparatus was positioned above the STN. This Ushaped piece was then embedd ...
... Japan), except the region overlying the STN and the bregma suture (stereotaxic reference point). A U-shaped piece of aluminum, fixed to a flexible carriage (GFG Co., Pierre-Bénite, Rhoˆne, France) fastened to the stereotaxic apparatus was positioned above the STN. This Ushaped piece was then embedd ...
Stimulus Dependence of Local Field Potential Spectra: Experiment
... quantitatively the key aspects and parameters of network dynamics. An example of the richness of network representation of stimuli revealed by LFPs comes from studies of visual cortex. The LFP power in primary visual cortex (V1) carries visual information in the gamma (50 –100 Hz) and high-gamma (⬎1 ...
... quantitatively the key aspects and parameters of network dynamics. An example of the richness of network representation of stimuli revealed by LFPs comes from studies of visual cortex. The LFP power in primary visual cortex (V1) carries visual information in the gamma (50 –100 Hz) and high-gamma (⬎1 ...
Sound processing by local neural populations in the
... intermediate spatial resolution, in which much of information processing in the cortex is believed to occur: the level of local neuronal networks. Information processing in the cortex is believed to be facilitated by the interaction of large numbers of synaptically connected neurons. The combination ...
... intermediate spatial resolution, in which much of information processing in the cortex is believed to occur: the level of local neuronal networks. Information processing in the cortex is believed to be facilitated by the interaction of large numbers of synaptically connected neurons. The combination ...
Peripheral and Central Mechanisms of Pain Generation
... research now addresses other types of pain such as pain during surgery (incisional pain), cancer pain, pain during degenerative diseases (e.g. osteoarthritis), or pain in the course of psychiatric diseases. This research will probably lead to a more diversified classification that takes into account g ...
... research now addresses other types of pain such as pain during surgery (incisional pain), cancer pain, pain during degenerative diseases (e.g. osteoarthritis), or pain in the course of psychiatric diseases. This research will probably lead to a more diversified classification that takes into account g ...
Axonogenesis in the Brain of Zebrafish Embryos
... to LY dye (Taghert et al.. 1982). Followina intracellular iniections. embryos-were f&ed in 24% paraformaldehyde and 1% dimeihyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in 75 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) for 30 mitt, washed in buffer; immersed in 0.5-l% collagenase (Sigma, Type 1A) in phosphate buffer for 3-5 mitt; washed; ...
... to LY dye (Taghert et al.. 1982). Followina intracellular iniections. embryos-were f&ed in 24% paraformaldehyde and 1% dimeihyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in 75 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) for 30 mitt, washed in buffer; immersed in 0.5-l% collagenase (Sigma, Type 1A) in phosphate buffer for 3-5 mitt; washed; ...
Brain stem excitatory and inhibitory signaling pathways regulating
... which can be modulated by alterations in activity of neutral endopeptidases (156). In addition, endogenous substance P facilitates synaptic transmission in airway parasympathetic ganglia (34, 154), similar to the effect observed with cyclooxygenase activation and the release of prostaglandins in ant ...
... which can be modulated by alterations in activity of neutral endopeptidases (156). In addition, endogenous substance P facilitates synaptic transmission in airway parasympathetic ganglia (34, 154), similar to the effect observed with cyclooxygenase activation and the release of prostaglandins in ant ...
Distinct Functions of 3 and V Integrin Receptors
... neurons and glia tend to segregate from each other, either into pure aggregates in which only a few cells (1–10) in an aggregate are of the other cell type or into clustered aggregates in which neurons and glia are separated into distinct clusters within the same aggregate (Figure 5B). Under control ...
... neurons and glia tend to segregate from each other, either into pure aggregates in which only a few cells (1–10) in an aggregate are of the other cell type or into clustered aggregates in which neurons and glia are separated into distinct clusters within the same aggregate (Figure 5B). Under control ...
Contributions of cortical feedback to sensory processing in primary
... and expectation (Kok et al., 2014). During eyes-closed, resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), hyperactive V1 has been observed in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder who score highly on scales for re-experiencing (Zhu et al., 2014). In addition to feedback from highe ...
... and expectation (Kok et al., 2014). During eyes-closed, resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), hyperactive V1 has been observed in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder who score highly on scales for re-experiencing (Zhu et al., 2014). In addition to feedback from highe ...
Golgi Tendon Reflux
... from the Golgi tendon organ fires into the central nervous system. Second, the motor neuron from the spinal cord is inhibited via an IPSP and muscle relaxes. Recently, however, this information has proven to be inaccurate since the GTO cannot create sufficient inhibition . ...
... from the Golgi tendon organ fires into the central nervous system. Second, the motor neuron from the spinal cord is inhibited via an IPSP and muscle relaxes. Recently, however, this information has proven to be inaccurate since the GTO cannot create sufficient inhibition . ...
GABA transporters in the mammalian cerebral cortex - LIRA-Lab
... The extracellular levels of g-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian cerebral cortex, are regulated by specific high-affinity, Na+/Cl dependent transporters. Four distinct genes encoding GABA transporters (GATs), named GAT-1, GAT-2, GAT-3, and BGT-1 have bee ...
... The extracellular levels of g-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian cerebral cortex, are regulated by specific high-affinity, Na+/Cl dependent transporters. Four distinct genes encoding GABA transporters (GATs), named GAT-1, GAT-2, GAT-3, and BGT-1 have bee ...
Is neuroimaging measuring information in the brain? | SpringerLink
... fMRI, etc.) as the discovery of ‘the neural representation of X’ or ‘revealing the neural code underlying Y’ without ever providing evidence that those recorded responses reflect differences in activity that can actually be used (received or decoded) by other areas of the brain. This is a problem be ...
... fMRI, etc.) as the discovery of ‘the neural representation of X’ or ‘revealing the neural code underlying Y’ without ever providing evidence that those recorded responses reflect differences in activity that can actually be used (received or decoded) by other areas of the brain. This is a problem be ...
Forward Prediction in the Posterior Parietal Cortex and Dynamic
... (Kleinfeld and Deschênes, 2011). However, it is unclear where and how re-afferent signals are integrated with sensory inputs to form forward predictions leading to future movements, rather than solely monitoring them. Most studies in sensorimotor neurophysiology have utilized reactive movements to s ...
... (Kleinfeld and Deschênes, 2011). However, it is unclear where and how re-afferent signals are integrated with sensory inputs to form forward predictions leading to future movements, rather than solely monitoring them. Most studies in sensorimotor neurophysiology have utilized reactive movements to s ...
Parietal Cortex and Hippocampal Contributions to RuleBased
... The first major discovery of spatial mapping in the brain occurred in 1971, when John O’Keefe found a special cell with a unique firing pattern in a part of the brain called the hippocampus. These cells, later called place cells, were found to fire when a rat was in a particular place in its envir ...
... The first major discovery of spatial mapping in the brain occurred in 1971, when John O’Keefe found a special cell with a unique firing pattern in a part of the brain called the hippocampus. These cells, later called place cells, were found to fire when a rat was in a particular place in its envir ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.