Disentangling pleasure from incentive salience and
... (52/115) fired phasically at the onset of the CS+1 and/or CS+2 cues (23% of these fired to the CS+1, 21% of these fired to the CS+2, and 56% of these fired to both) (Figs. 2 and 4 and Fig. S1). The phasic response consisted of a rapid climb in firing rate to reach a peak within 200 ms of each CS+ tone on ...
... (52/115) fired phasically at the onset of the CS+1 and/or CS+2 cues (23% of these fired to the CS+1, 21% of these fired to the CS+2, and 56% of these fired to both) (Figs. 2 and 4 and Fig. S1). The phasic response consisted of a rapid climb in firing rate to reach a peak within 200 ms of each CS+ tone on ...
Integrative neurobiology of energy homeostasis
... after the observation that the vast majority of obese animal models, but more important also patients, present with resistance to leptin action [76]. The mechanism(s) underlying this phenomenon are not well understood and finding the causes of leptin resistance remains the focus of attention of many ...
... after the observation that the vast majority of obese animal models, but more important also patients, present with resistance to leptin action [76]. The mechanism(s) underlying this phenomenon are not well understood and finding the causes of leptin resistance remains the focus of attention of many ...
Schwann cells
... • Outer collar forms the neurilemma) – Peripheral bulge of Schwann cell – containing nucleus and most of cytoplasm of the Schwann cell © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... • Outer collar forms the neurilemma) – Peripheral bulge of Schwann cell – containing nucleus and most of cytoplasm of the Schwann cell © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Resonance Effect for Neural Spike Time Reliability
... van Steveninck et al. 1997). These results suggest that the intrinsic noise in the spike-generating mechanism is low relative to the intensity of the fluctuating input currents. In interpreting these results, an important consideration is the magnitude of the fluctuations in the input relative to th ...
... van Steveninck et al. 1997). These results suggest that the intrinsic noise in the spike-generating mechanism is low relative to the intensity of the fluctuating input currents. In interpreting these results, an important consideration is the magnitude of the fluctuations in the input relative to th ...
Evolving Fuzzy Neural Networks - Algorithms, Applications
... 1. Inroduction - The ECOS framework for evolving connectionist systems In [5] the ECOS framework for evolving connectionist systems is presented and illustrated on two classification problems. An ECOS is a modular 'open' system that evolves over time. Initially it is a mesh of nodes (neurons) with v ...
... 1. Inroduction - The ECOS framework for evolving connectionist systems In [5] the ECOS framework for evolving connectionist systems is presented and illustrated on two classification problems. An ECOS is a modular 'open' system that evolves over time. Initially it is a mesh of nodes (neurons) with v ...
Retrograde Signaling in the Development and Modification of
... and connectin, were found to prevent formation of selective innervation by the proper motoneuron when they were expressed at high levels on the target muscle fibers (244, 272), suggesting a repulsive action of these molecules on the growth cone of specific motoneurons. These results from the Drosoph ...
... and connectin, were found to prevent formation of selective innervation by the proper motoneuron when they were expressed at high levels on the target muscle fibers (244, 272), suggesting a repulsive action of these molecules on the growth cone of specific motoneurons. These results from the Drosoph ...
The Nervous System - Home
... with the other through the corpus callosum, a bundle of nerve fibers. (Another smaller fiber bundle that connects the two hemispheres is called the anterior commissure). ...
... with the other through the corpus callosum, a bundle of nerve fibers. (Another smaller fiber bundle that connects the two hemispheres is called the anterior commissure). ...
Stem Cells may Beat Riluzole in Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral
... Several studies have attempted to explain the role that glutamate, glutamate transporters, and astrocytes play in the development of ALS. Rothstein et al. [8] performed a study high-affinity sodium-dependent glutamate transport in individuals diagnosed with ALS, individuals with no health issues, an ...
... Several studies have attempted to explain the role that glutamate, glutamate transporters, and astrocytes play in the development of ALS. Rothstein et al. [8] performed a study high-affinity sodium-dependent glutamate transport in individuals diagnosed with ALS, individuals with no health issues, an ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... one, preparing the body so that the individual can flee or flight, whichever seems wisest, when faced with danger; the parasympathetic system, in contrast, is primarily a homeostatic one, tending to promote quiet and orderly processes of the body.” (Hollinshead and Rosse, p. 63). B. The sympathetic ...
... one, preparing the body so that the individual can flee or flight, whichever seems wisest, when faced with danger; the parasympathetic system, in contrast, is primarily a homeostatic one, tending to promote quiet and orderly processes of the body.” (Hollinshead and Rosse, p. 63). B. The sympathetic ...
Respiratory 4 Control of Respiration Control of Respiration
... respiratory muscles ↑ ventilation ...
... respiratory muscles ↑ ventilation ...
Segregated cholinergic transmission in the ventral tegmental area
... inhibited (Fig. 1i). The stimulation of LDT cholinergic axons also produced predominantly excitation in responding DA neurons, but the proportion of responding neurons was larger than following PPN axon stimulation (50% vs 38%; Fig. 2h). In contrast to PPN axon stimulation, we observed a proportion ...
... inhibited (Fig. 1i). The stimulation of LDT cholinergic axons also produced predominantly excitation in responding DA neurons, but the proportion of responding neurons was larger than following PPN axon stimulation (50% vs 38%; Fig. 2h). In contrast to PPN axon stimulation, we observed a proportion ...
PVLV: The Primary Value and Learned Value
... memory inputs directly (so as to focus on the core PVLV mechanisms), our larger prefrontal cortex-basal ganglia (PBWM) model, of which PVLV is a subcomponent, demonstrates how the system can learn to maintain task-relevant information in working memory (O’Reilly & Frank, 2006). TD does not address t ...
... memory inputs directly (so as to focus on the core PVLV mechanisms), our larger prefrontal cortex-basal ganglia (PBWM) model, of which PVLV is a subcomponent, demonstrates how the system can learn to maintain task-relevant information in working memory (O’Reilly & Frank, 2006). TD does not address t ...
Original Article Female Rat Hippocampal Cell
... opiate treatment can significantly modulate synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus, leading to an opiate dependence of the plasticity, and it has been suggested that up-regulation of the cAMP pathway is likely one of the ...
... opiate treatment can significantly modulate synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus, leading to an opiate dependence of the plasticity, and it has been suggested that up-regulation of the cAMP pathway is likely one of the ...
The Molecular Biology of Memory Storage: A Dialog
... in common with the nervous system and behavior of simpler animals. If so, these fundamental, common principles of neuronal organization might well be studied more profitably in simple animals. The answer to this second question, about commonality, was clear. By 1960, work by students of comparative ...
... in common with the nervous system and behavior of simpler animals. If so, these fundamental, common principles of neuronal organization might well be studied more profitably in simple animals. The answer to this second question, about commonality, was clear. By 1960, work by students of comparative ...
NK1 receptor-expressing spinoparabrachial neurons trigger diffuse
... Pain is a complex experience that involves sensory-discriminative, cognitive-evaluative, and affective-emotional components. Conversely, central nervous system networks may modulate the transmission of nociceptive messages according to the nature of the painful stimulus and behavioral state of the i ...
... Pain is a complex experience that involves sensory-discriminative, cognitive-evaluative, and affective-emotional components. Conversely, central nervous system networks may modulate the transmission of nociceptive messages according to the nature of the painful stimulus and behavioral state of the i ...
The Nervous System
... number of processes that extend from the cell body of the neuron (fig. 7.4). Pseudounipolar neurons have a single short process that branches like a T to form a pair of longer processes. They are called pseudounipolar (from the Late Latin pseudo = false) because, although they originate with two pro ...
... number of processes that extend from the cell body of the neuron (fig. 7.4). Pseudounipolar neurons have a single short process that branches like a T to form a pair of longer processes. They are called pseudounipolar (from the Late Latin pseudo = false) because, although they originate with two pro ...
Sample Chapter 8 from the Textbook
... The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a unique subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. The ENS has both sensory and motor neurons contained wholly within the digestive tract. The ENS can function without input from the CNS or other parts of the PNS, although it is normally integrated with the CN ...
... The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a unique subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. The ENS has both sensory and motor neurons contained wholly within the digestive tract. The ENS can function without input from the CNS or other parts of the PNS, although it is normally integrated with the CN ...
Cerebellum: The Brain for an Implicit Self
... reconstructing models of such circuits is equally important in our attempt to comprehend their functional principles (e.g., van Hemmen and Sejnowski, 2006; Stuart, 2007; for biology as a whole, see Noble, 2006). In the reconstruction process, it is possible to uncover novel principles operating in t ...
... reconstructing models of such circuits is equally important in our attempt to comprehend their functional principles (e.g., van Hemmen and Sejnowski, 2006; Stuart, 2007; for biology as a whole, see Noble, 2006). In the reconstruction process, it is possible to uncover novel principles operating in t ...
Control of dopaminergic neuron survival by the unfolded protein
... lesion by measuring the extent of striatal denervation triggered by 6OHDA (Fig. 1C and Fig. S1C). XBP1 Deficiency Triggers Spontaneous ER Stress in the SNpc. XBP1 is crucial to the function of professional secretory cells, and its deficiency triggers drastic phenotypes associated with a basal ER str ...
... lesion by measuring the extent of striatal denervation triggered by 6OHDA (Fig. 1C and Fig. S1C). XBP1 Deficiency Triggers Spontaneous ER Stress in the SNpc. XBP1 is crucial to the function of professional secretory cells, and its deficiency triggers drastic phenotypes associated with a basal ER str ...
The hippocampo-cortical loop: Spatio
... The continuous place navigation task was also used to record hippocampal place cell activity (Hok et al., 2007, 2007). Hippocampal place fields were distributed over the entire arena and did not over-represent the goal location. Interestingly, most place cells displayed excess firing activity at the ...
... The continuous place navigation task was also used to record hippocampal place cell activity (Hok et al., 2007, 2007). Hippocampal place fields were distributed over the entire arena and did not over-represent the goal location. Interestingly, most place cells displayed excess firing activity at the ...
Note - Reza Shadmehr
... Extrafusal fibers are much larger than the intrafusal fibers. Extrafusal fibers are responsible for the main force generating function of the muscles. .Intrafusal fibers are part of the sensory system of the muscle. Alpha motor neurons innervate the extrafusal fibers. Gamma motor neurons innervate t ...
... Extrafusal fibers are much larger than the intrafusal fibers. Extrafusal fibers are responsible for the main force generating function of the muscles. .Intrafusal fibers are part of the sensory system of the muscle. Alpha motor neurons innervate the extrafusal fibers. Gamma motor neurons innervate t ...
Figure and Ground in the Visual Cortex: V2 Combines Stereoscopic
... A fraction of the orientation-selective neurons in macaque area V2 signal not only the location and orientation of luminance and color edges, but also the location of the figure to which an edge “belongs” (Zhou et al., 2000). Figure 2A illustrates a V2 neuron that responds more strongly to the botto ...
... A fraction of the orientation-selective neurons in macaque area V2 signal not only the location and orientation of luminance and color edges, but also the location of the figure to which an edge “belongs” (Zhou et al., 2000). Figure 2A illustrates a V2 neuron that responds more strongly to the botto ...
Distinct core thalamocortical pathways to central and dorsal primary
... (Schreiner et al., 2000). The cNB region has the highest spectral resolution (Q factor) measured with sound level at 40 decibels above threshold (Q40). A small dNB region has higher spectral resolution than adjacent cBB and dBB regions but lower median spectral resolution than the cNB region (Imaizu ...
... (Schreiner et al., 2000). The cNB region has the highest spectral resolution (Q factor) measured with sound level at 40 decibels above threshold (Q40). A small dNB region has higher spectral resolution than adjacent cBB and dBB regions but lower median spectral resolution than the cNB region (Imaizu ...
cerebral cortex, sensations and movements
... Specific maps of these areas involve higher regions of the cortex devoted to the lower parts of the body (ex. toes) and lower regions of the cortex devoted to the upper body (ex. the head). Therefore, the arrangement of cortical nervous centers is disposed as a motor or sensory homunculus upside dow ...
... Specific maps of these areas involve higher regions of the cortex devoted to the lower parts of the body (ex. toes) and lower regions of the cortex devoted to the upper body (ex. the head). Therefore, the arrangement of cortical nervous centers is disposed as a motor or sensory homunculus upside dow ...
Subcortical loops through the basal ganglia
... colliculus [23,25,26,52,53,58], where the majority of colliculothalamic neurons reside (Figure 3), have been described in detail. Thus, in summary, there appear to be at least two, and possibly three, presumably closed subcortical looped systems through the basal ganglia arising from, and returning ...
... colliculus [23,25,26,52,53,58], where the majority of colliculothalamic neurons reside (Figure 3), have been described in detail. Thus, in summary, there appear to be at least two, and possibly three, presumably closed subcortical looped systems through the basal ganglia arising from, and returning ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.