The Rat Ventromedial Thalamic Nucleus and Motor Control: Role of
... in motor control. Cortical fibers terminating within this nucleus use an excitatory amino acid, possibly L-glutamate, as their transmitter. Excitatory amino acids are known to interact with iV-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), kainate, and quisqualate receptors, the presence of which has been demonstrated ...
... in motor control. Cortical fibers terminating within this nucleus use an excitatory amino acid, possibly L-glutamate, as their transmitter. Excitatory amino acids are known to interact with iV-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), kainate, and quisqualate receptors, the presence of which has been demonstrated ...
Simultaneous Two-Photon Calcium Imaging of Entire Cortical
... nucleus, which traverse cortex from lateral to medial, below layer 6, before ascending into their target cortical column (Antonini et al., 1999). Further, installing the initial cranial window is advantageous before prism implantation, because there is little to © 2014 Andermann ...
... nucleus, which traverse cortex from lateral to medial, below layer 6, before ascending into their target cortical column (Antonini et al., 1999). Further, installing the initial cranial window is advantageous before prism implantation, because there is little to © 2014 Andermann ...
... & Poucet, 1994). However, lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) do not appear to produce detrimental effects on the performance of a spatial reference memory task (DeBruin, SánchezSanted, Heinsbroek, Donker & Postmes, 1994). This suggests that the role of the mPFC in learning and memory pro ...
NEST: An Environment for Neural Systems Simulations
... certain class of cells, the neurons, which interact at specialized points of contacts, the synapses. A generated spike arrives at one or more target neurons after a delay of a few milliseconds and causes a small change in the neurons’ membrane potentials (so-called post-synaptic potential). It is of ...
... certain class of cells, the neurons, which interact at specialized points of contacts, the synapses. A generated spike arrives at one or more target neurons after a delay of a few milliseconds and causes a small change in the neurons’ membrane potentials (so-called post-synaptic potential). It is of ...
CV - The Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience
... termed Fluorescence-guided SSR (FgSSR), for use in targeting any olfactory receptor neuron. In this manner, a systematic approach can now be used to screen specific sensilla, or to target all sensilla. We provide the necessary information and reagents to allow easy adoption of this technique by othe ...
... termed Fluorescence-guided SSR (FgSSR), for use in targeting any olfactory receptor neuron. In this manner, a systematic approach can now be used to screen specific sensilla, or to target all sensilla. We provide the necessary information and reagents to allow easy adoption of this technique by othe ...
PDF
... It is clear that “hearing” involves more than simply the transduction of vibrations in air. At a most basic level, we must detect sounds. Once a sound is detected, several processes are immediately initiated. There is a need to localize the sound source. This task requires the two ears and knowledge ...
... It is clear that “hearing” involves more than simply the transduction of vibrations in air. At a most basic level, we must detect sounds. Once a sound is detected, several processes are immediately initiated. There is a need to localize the sound source. This task requires the two ears and knowledge ...
Distribution of GABAergic neurons and axon terminals in the
... and (4)have terminals that contain flat vesicles and make symmetric synaptic contacts, characteristics thought to be indicative of inhibitory transmission (Uchizono, '65; Peters and Fairen, '78; Somogyi and Cowey, '81). While a general consensus has been reached on the morphological class of neurons ...
... and (4)have terminals that contain flat vesicles and make symmetric synaptic contacts, characteristics thought to be indicative of inhibitory transmission (Uchizono, '65; Peters and Fairen, '78; Somogyi and Cowey, '81). While a general consensus has been reached on the morphological class of neurons ...
R Spinal Cord A-1 - UMass Medical School
... presence of a very large Clarke's nucleus. This nucleus (also called the nucleus dorsalis or column of Clarke) forms a bulge in the intermediate gray matter that pushes up into the posterior columns. Be sure that you identify Clarke's nucleus in this section (it is one of the circled structures). Wh ...
... presence of a very large Clarke's nucleus. This nucleus (also called the nucleus dorsalis or column of Clarke) forms a bulge in the intermediate gray matter that pushes up into the posterior columns. Be sure that you identify Clarke's nucleus in this section (it is one of the circled structures). Wh ...
A Review of Cell Assemblies by Huyck and
... concept of dog is neurally implemented by a set of their neurons, their dog CA. CAs encode elements of higher cognitive processes like words, mental images and other types of concepts. The standard model, derived directly from Hebb (1949), is that these neurons have high mutual synaptic strength. Wh ...
... concept of dog is neurally implemented by a set of their neurons, their dog CA. CAs encode elements of higher cognitive processes like words, mental images and other types of concepts. The standard model, derived directly from Hebb (1949), is that these neurons have high mutual synaptic strength. Wh ...
FEATURE ARTICLE Cortical Auditory Adaptation
... Recordings and Stimulation Sharp intracellular recording electrodes were formed on a Sutter Instruments P-97 micropipette puller from medium-walled glass and beveled to final resistances of 50--100 MX. Micropipettes were filled with 2 M potassium acetate. Recordings were digitized, acquired, and anal ...
... Recordings and Stimulation Sharp intracellular recording electrodes were formed on a Sutter Instruments P-97 micropipette puller from medium-walled glass and beveled to final resistances of 50--100 MX. Micropipettes were filled with 2 M potassium acetate. Recordings were digitized, acquired, and anal ...
Background Paper 3 - Yale School of Medicine
... (i.e. respond to the sensory input), displayed no such decrease with age. It has previously been shown that in young monkeys the capacity for persistent firing during the delay phase is dependent on key signaling events in spines. For example, signals that inhibit cAMP levels within the spine, such ...
... (i.e. respond to the sensory input), displayed no such decrease with age. It has previously been shown that in young monkeys the capacity for persistent firing during the delay phase is dependent on key signaling events in spines. For example, signals that inhibit cAMP levels within the spine, such ...
lecture 12 - McLoon Lab - University of Minnesota
... Spinothalamic projection: • Primary sensory axons for pain, temperature and light touch synapse on neurons in the dorsal horn. • Axons of these dorsal horn neurons cross the spinal cord and ascend in the spinothalamic tract. • They synapse in the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) of the thalamus. ...
... Spinothalamic projection: • Primary sensory axons for pain, temperature and light touch synapse on neurons in the dorsal horn. • Axons of these dorsal horn neurons cross the spinal cord and ascend in the spinothalamic tract. • They synapse in the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) of the thalamus. ...
Neuronal basis of sequential foraging decisions in a
... Deciding when to leave a depleting resource to exploit another is a fundamental problem for all decision makers. The neuronal mechanisms mediating patch-leaving decisions remain unknown. We found that neurons in primate (Macaca mulatta) dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, an area that is linked to rew ...
... Deciding when to leave a depleting resource to exploit another is a fundamental problem for all decision makers. The neuronal mechanisms mediating patch-leaving decisions remain unknown. We found that neurons in primate (Macaca mulatta) dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, an area that is linked to rew ...
Mechanisms of cell migration in the nervous system
... which newly specified neurons migrate before they differentiate and form synapses. Some migrations cover long distances—up to thousands of cell diameters—and follow complex routes, changing direction at landmarks along the way (a key to the major migratory routes, terminology, and abbreviations is p ...
... which newly specified neurons migrate before they differentiate and form synapses. Some migrations cover long distances—up to thousands of cell diameters—and follow complex routes, changing direction at landmarks along the way (a key to the major migratory routes, terminology, and abbreviations is p ...
Although people with the movies, narcolepsy
... immune system ordinarily attack foreign substances and cells infected by viruses, which hijack cells into making viral proteins instead of normal ones. Someone's HLA type is often referred to as their tissue type because people with the same HLA profile can receive tissue or organ transplants from o ...
... immune system ordinarily attack foreign substances and cells infected by viruses, which hijack cells into making viral proteins instead of normal ones. Someone's HLA type is often referred to as their tissue type because people with the same HLA profile can receive tissue or organ transplants from o ...
segregation of stimulus phase and intensity coding in the cochlear
... increasing frequency. We have observed this phenomenon both with spike detectors which measure the time of occurrence of the action potential peak and the time at which a fixed voltage level is crossed. Tests with artificial spikes and mathematical simulations show that peak time detection is much l ...
... increasing frequency. We have observed this phenomenon both with spike detectors which measure the time of occurrence of the action potential peak and the time at which a fixed voltage level is crossed. Tests with artificial spikes and mathematical simulations show that peak time detection is much l ...
Paper - Wharton Marketing
... Deciding when to leave a depleting resource to exploit another is a fundamental problem for all decision makers. The neuronal mechanisms mediating patch-leaving decisions remain unknown. We found that neurons in primate (Macaca mulatta) dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, an area that is linked to rew ...
... Deciding when to leave a depleting resource to exploit another is a fundamental problem for all decision makers. The neuronal mechanisms mediating patch-leaving decisions remain unknown. We found that neurons in primate (Macaca mulatta) dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, an area that is linked to rew ...
What Are the Units of Brain Function?
... might examine its structure carefully to guess what it is designed to do. The robot’s wheels imply that it is meant to move, and the gears next to the wheels suggest that it can vary its speed or perhaps change directions by varying the speed of one wheel relative to the other. The robot’s many expo ...
... might examine its structure carefully to guess what it is designed to do. The robot’s wheels imply that it is meant to move, and the gears next to the wheels suggest that it can vary its speed or perhaps change directions by varying the speed of one wheel relative to the other. The robot’s many expo ...
Code-specific policy gradient rules for spiking neurons
... We test the learning rule on a 2-armed bandit task (Figure 1A). An agent has the choice between two actions. Depending on which of two states the agent is in, action a1 or action a2 is rewarded (R = 1), while the other action is punished (R = −1). The state information is encoded in the rate pattern ...
... We test the learning rule on a 2-armed bandit task (Figure 1A). An agent has the choice between two actions. Depending on which of two states the agent is in, action a1 or action a2 is rewarded (R = 1), while the other action is punished (R = −1). The state information is encoded in the rate pattern ...
autonomic nervous system
... • Lower motor neurons may be controlled by • Reflexes based in spinal cord • Upper motor neurons with cell bodies in brain nuclei or at primary motor cortex ...
... • Lower motor neurons may be controlled by • Reflexes based in spinal cord • Upper motor neurons with cell bodies in brain nuclei or at primary motor cortex ...
The Adenosine Story Goes Ionic: CaV2.1
... Voltage-gated, Ca2+-permeable ion channels are found at both presynaptic and postsynaptic sites and are key determinants of neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission. The three members of the CaV2 channel group, CaV2.1 - CaV2.3, are concentrated at presynaptic terminals of excitatory and inhib ...
... Voltage-gated, Ca2+-permeable ion channels are found at both presynaptic and postsynaptic sites and are key determinants of neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission. The three members of the CaV2 channel group, CaV2.1 - CaV2.3, are concentrated at presynaptic terminals of excitatory and inhib ...
Occlusion and brain function: mastication as a prevention of
... extracted does not cause the rodents to consume less food (13). However, recent evidence suggests that moderately restricting calories acts to protect against age-related hippocampal deficits (47–50). Likewise in human studies, loss of teeth or disuse of dentures was the factor inducing malnutrition ...
... extracted does not cause the rodents to consume less food (13). However, recent evidence suggests that moderately restricting calories acts to protect against age-related hippocampal deficits (47–50). Likewise in human studies, loss of teeth or disuse of dentures was the factor inducing malnutrition ...
View PDF - Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences
... (PL) in cognition and their interactions in goal-directed behaviors in the rat. The PL strongly interconnects with a relatively small group of structures that, like PL, subserve cognition, and together have been designated the ‘PL circuit.’ These structures primarily include the hippocampus, insular ...
... (PL) in cognition and their interactions in goal-directed behaviors in the rat. The PL strongly interconnects with a relatively small group of structures that, like PL, subserve cognition, and together have been designated the ‘PL circuit.’ These structures primarily include the hippocampus, insular ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.