Chapter 12: Spinal Cord And Spinal Nerves
... 1. A reflex arc is the basic ________________________________________ 2. List the five basic components of a reflex arc: a. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ c. ______________________________ d. ______________________________ e. ______________________________ 3. A refl ...
... 1. A reflex arc is the basic ________________________________________ 2. List the five basic components of a reflex arc: a. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ c. ______________________________ d. ______________________________ e. ______________________________ 3. A refl ...
cerebellum student copy 2010
... simultaneous motions at more than one joint . The patient dissects such movements and carries them out one joint at a time , a phenomenon known as “ Decomposition of Movement ” . 24 May 2017 ...
... simultaneous motions at more than one joint . The patient dissects such movements and carries them out one joint at a time , a phenomenon known as “ Decomposition of Movement ” . 24 May 2017 ...
Hybrid Scheme for Modeling Local Field Potentials from Point
... the activity of point-neuron networks (e.g., population firing rates, synaptic currents and membrane potentials) has nevertheless been used as a proxy for the LFP when comparing with experiments. In a recent study comparing different candidate proxies, it was found that a suitably chosen sum of synap ...
... the activity of point-neuron networks (e.g., population firing rates, synaptic currents and membrane potentials) has nevertheless been used as a proxy for the LFP when comparing with experiments. In a recent study comparing different candidate proxies, it was found that a suitably chosen sum of synap ...
neuronal coding of prediction errors
... surprisingly or unpredictably. If none of the signals have been trained, as is the case on the initial BY episode, RV is zero and the resulting prediction error is k, representing the fact that the reinforcer is completely unpredicted. By contrast, when RV 4 k, representing the fact that the reinfor ...
... surprisingly or unpredictably. If none of the signals have been trained, as is the case on the initial BY episode, RV is zero and the resulting prediction error is k, representing the fact that the reinforcer is completely unpredicted. By contrast, when RV 4 k, representing the fact that the reinfor ...
Role of Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress - Diabetes
... myelinated and unmyelinated fibers (1,2). It has been proposed that high glucose concentrations induce toxicity and cell death in sensory neurons, and this triggers diabetic neuropathy through loss of nerve fibers (3). Cultured embryonic dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons were exposed to high nonp ...
... myelinated and unmyelinated fibers (1,2). It has been proposed that high glucose concentrations induce toxicity and cell death in sensory neurons, and this triggers diabetic neuropathy through loss of nerve fibers (3). Cultured embryonic dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons were exposed to high nonp ...
The sympathetic control of blood pressure.
... appropriate responses)11,12. How a set-point for BP might be encoded by the CNS and the nature of the error signals have yet to be established. The only well identified neural sensors that encode BP are the baroreceptors, but their contribution to the long-term regulation of BP has been repeatedly q ...
... appropriate responses)11,12. How a set-point for BP might be encoded by the CNS and the nature of the error signals have yet to be established. The only well identified neural sensors that encode BP are the baroreceptors, but their contribution to the long-term regulation of BP has been repeatedly q ...
November 29
... Dreams are associations and memories elicited by pontine neurons via thalamus The cortex tries to synthesize this random activity into something meaningful. REM sleep aids integration and consolidation of memories. ...
... Dreams are associations and memories elicited by pontine neurons via thalamus The cortex tries to synthesize this random activity into something meaningful. REM sleep aids integration and consolidation of memories. ...
Use of an Amino-Cupric-Silver Technique for the Detection of Early
... stored in fixative for 2-3 days. Good results, however, have been obtained in sections that have been postfixed for only 25 h or at the other extreme for 2-3 months in a refrigerator (4°C). The postfixation eventually suppresses normal fiber staining; at 24 h some normal fibers will be stained, whil ...
... stored in fixative for 2-3 days. Good results, however, have been obtained in sections that have been postfixed for only 25 h or at the other extreme for 2-3 months in a refrigerator (4°C). The postfixation eventually suppresses normal fiber staining; at 24 h some normal fibers will be stained, whil ...
Formation, Maturation, and Disorders of Brain Neocortex
... time of its final mitosis within the germinal zone (3, 4). The topographical end point of a neuron 's migration can be predicted by knowledge of the course of the radial glial cell and the location of the origin of the glial cell within the germinal zone. The eventual cortical layer in which the cel ...
... time of its final mitosis within the germinal zone (3, 4). The topographical end point of a neuron 's migration can be predicted by knowledge of the course of the radial glial cell and the location of the origin of the glial cell within the germinal zone. The eventual cortical layer in which the cel ...
An ontology-based search engine for digital
... 2.1.2 Anatomical regions Anatomical regions can be described in terms of is_ part_of relationships, where parents and children are holonyms and meronyms, respectively. Since the nervous system is embedded in physical space, it is natural to ...
... 2.1.2 Anatomical regions Anatomical regions can be described in terms of is_ part_of relationships, where parents and children are holonyms and meronyms, respectively. Since the nervous system is embedded in physical space, it is natural to ...
Uncinate Fasciculus
... • During a go/no-‐go task, neurons had differenOal responses to whether a sOmulus indicated reward • Reversing the sOmuli indicated that some neurons were linked to sensory features of sOmuli, some to th ...
... • During a go/no-‐go task, neurons had differenOal responses to whether a sOmulus indicated reward • Reversing the sOmuli indicated that some neurons were linked to sensory features of sOmuli, some to th ...
Amygdala-Prefrontal Synchronization Underlies Resistance to
... two-way ANOVA). In both the amygdala and the dACC, responsive cells were homogeneously distributed within our recording borders (Figure S2C, p > 0.2 for all, bootstrap analysis), suggesting that they represent an activity pattern common in wide parts of these two structures. In addition, there was n ...
... two-way ANOVA). In both the amygdala and the dACC, responsive cells were homogeneously distributed within our recording borders (Figure S2C, p > 0.2 for all, bootstrap analysis), suggesting that they represent an activity pattern common in wide parts of these two structures. In addition, there was n ...
Wild-Type Nonneuronal Cells Extend Survival of SOD1 Mutant
... toxicity is neither accelerated nor ameliorated by reducing wild-type SOD1 activity (8) and is either unaffected (8) or enhanced (9) by increasing wild-type SOD1 activity, mutant SOD1 must cause disease through acquisition of toxic properties. These may include aberrant oxidative chemistry catalyzed ...
... toxicity is neither accelerated nor ameliorated by reducing wild-type SOD1 activity (8) and is either unaffected (8) or enhanced (9) by increasing wild-type SOD1 activity, mutant SOD1 must cause disease through acquisition of toxic properties. These may include aberrant oxidative chemistry catalyzed ...
A neural implementation of Bayesian inference based on predictive
... a (n by m) matrix of feedforward synaptic weight values; V is a (m by n) matrix of feedback synaptic weight values; 1 and 2 are parameters; and and ⊗ indicate element-wise division and multiplication respectively. For all the experiments described in this paper 1 and 2 were given the values 1 ...
... a (n by m) matrix of feedforward synaptic weight values; V is a (m by n) matrix of feedback synaptic weight values; 1 and 2 are parameters; and and ⊗ indicate element-wise division and multiplication respectively. For all the experiments described in this paper 1 and 2 were given the values 1 ...
Some Analogies Between Visual Cortical and Genetic Maps
... and cone receptor proteins in man. It appears on the basis of sequence homologies that the genes that produce the rod and cone receptor proteins are replicas of an ancient gene for a receptor protein. 31 The genes for the red and green receptor proteins are located adjacent to each other on the X ch ...
... and cone receptor proteins in man. It appears on the basis of sequence homologies that the genes that produce the rod and cone receptor proteins are replicas of an ancient gene for a receptor protein. 31 The genes for the red and green receptor proteins are located adjacent to each other on the X ch ...
Article
... thresholds for the 2T conditions were in the range of 20% of the target (Wright et al., 1997; Karmarkar and Buonomano, 2003). A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant interaction between conditions (FIX 3 VAR) and tone number (2T 3 3T; F = 57.75; n = 15; p < 0.0001), demonstrati ...
... thresholds for the 2T conditions were in the range of 20% of the target (Wright et al., 1997; Karmarkar and Buonomano, 2003). A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant interaction between conditions (FIX 3 VAR) and tone number (2T 3 3T; F = 57.75; n = 15; p < 0.0001), demonstrati ...
Non-Cell-Autonomous Effect of Human SOD1G37R
... We consistently generated a population of human neurons in vitro that expressed postmitotic motor neuron markers, made neuromuscular junctions, and fired action potentials. Subsequently, we cocultured the human embryonic stem cell (hESC)derived motor neurons with human primary astrocytes expressing ...
... We consistently generated a population of human neurons in vitro that expressed postmitotic motor neuron markers, made neuromuscular junctions, and fired action potentials. Subsequently, we cocultured the human embryonic stem cell (hESC)derived motor neurons with human primary astrocytes expressing ...
Pitch - Auditory Neuroscience
... Neurons in the midbrain or above show much less phase locking to AM than neurons in the brainstem. Transition from a timing to a rate code. Some neurons have bandpass MTFs and exhibit “best modulation frequencies” (BMFs). Topographic maps of BMF may exist within isofrequency laminae of the ICc, (“pe ...
... Neurons in the midbrain or above show much less phase locking to AM than neurons in the brainstem. Transition from a timing to a rate code. Some neurons have bandpass MTFs and exhibit “best modulation frequencies” (BMFs). Topographic maps of BMF may exist within isofrequency laminae of the ICc, (“pe ...
On-line, voluntary control of human temporal lobe
... sensory stimuli competing with a rich stream of internal deliberations, plans and ruminations. The brain must select one or more of these for further processing. How this competition is resolved across multiple sensory and cognitive regions is not known; nor is it clear how internal thoughts and att ...
... sensory stimuli competing with a rich stream of internal deliberations, plans and ruminations. The brain must select one or more of these for further processing. How this competition is resolved across multiple sensory and cognitive regions is not known; nor is it clear how internal thoughts and att ...
Receptive Fields of Second-order Neurons in the Olfactory Bulb of
... by which the olfactory system encodes and processes information from odorant stimuli have been proposed (Moulton and Beidler, 1967; Beets, 1970; Davies, 1971; Shepherd, 1972; Moulton, 1976). Several of these theories assume the existence of a spatially organized projection of receptor neurons onto t ...
... by which the olfactory system encodes and processes information from odorant stimuli have been proposed (Moulton and Beidler, 1967; Beets, 1970; Davies, 1971; Shepherd, 1972; Moulton, 1976). Several of these theories assume the existence of a spatially organized projection of receptor neurons onto t ...
Preprint - University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences
... and indicated when they saw a target image by shifting gaze to a response dot on the screen. Our experimental design included four images presented in all possible combinations as a visual stimulus, and as an intended target, resulting in 16 experimental conditions. We held the target image fixed fo ...
... and indicated when they saw a target image by shifting gaze to a response dot on the screen. Our experimental design included four images presented in all possible combinations as a visual stimulus, and as an intended target, resulting in 16 experimental conditions. We held the target image fixed fo ...
Selectivity for the Shape, Size, and Orientation of Objects for
... macaque (Sakata et al. 1995; Taira et al. 1990). Many of them were activated during fixation on objects and responded selectively to the types of switch to be manipulated. These results suggested that these neurons were selective for the shape and/or orientation of the object. This appeared to contr ...
... macaque (Sakata et al. 1995; Taira et al. 1990). Many of them were activated during fixation on objects and responded selectively to the types of switch to be manipulated. These results suggested that these neurons were selective for the shape and/or orientation of the object. This appeared to contr ...
Selectivity for the Shape, Size, and Orientation of Objects for
... Kaseda, and Hideo Sakata. Selectivity for the shape, size, and orientation of objects for grasping in neurons of monkey parietal area AIP. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 2580 –2601, 2000. In this study, we mainly investigated the visual selectivity of hand-manipulation-related neurons in the anterior intrapar ...
... Kaseda, and Hideo Sakata. Selectivity for the shape, size, and orientation of objects for grasping in neurons of monkey parietal area AIP. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 2580 –2601, 2000. In this study, we mainly investigated the visual selectivity of hand-manipulation-related neurons in the anterior intrapar ...
How to recognise collateral damage in partial nerve injury models... pain Commentary
... also be used as a model for neuropathic pain. A limitation with both of these methods was the inevitable variability in the extent and severity of the lesion. In order to address this limitation, Kim and Chung [8] developed the spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model, in which either L5, or both L5 and L6 ...
... also be used as a model for neuropathic pain. A limitation with both of these methods was the inevitable variability in the extent and severity of the lesion. In order to address this limitation, Kim and Chung [8] developed the spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model, in which either L5, or both L5 and L6 ...
Slide 8
... and testes. Each of the glands secrete a specific type of hormone that influences body functions, behavior and emotions. Located in the brain, the pituitary gland or "head" gland regulates the other glands. The glands produce chemical messages called hormones. Hormones are similar to neurotransmitte ...
... and testes. Each of the glands secrete a specific type of hormone that influences body functions, behavior and emotions. Located in the brain, the pituitary gland or "head" gland regulates the other glands. The glands produce chemical messages called hormones. Hormones are similar to neurotransmitte ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.