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... (PL) in cognition and their interactions in goal-directed behaviors in the rat. The PL strongly interconnects with a relatively small group of structures that, like PL, subserve cognition, and together have been designated the ‘PL circuit.’ These structures primarily include the hippocampus, insular ...
... (PL) in cognition and their interactions in goal-directed behaviors in the rat. The PL strongly interconnects with a relatively small group of structures that, like PL, subserve cognition, and together have been designated the ‘PL circuit.’ These structures primarily include the hippocampus, insular ...
Occlusion and brain function: mastication as a prevention of
... extracted does not cause the rodents to consume less food (13). However, recent evidence suggests that moderately restricting calories acts to protect against age-related hippocampal deficits (47–50). Likewise in human studies, loss of teeth or disuse of dentures was the factor inducing malnutrition ...
... extracted does not cause the rodents to consume less food (13). However, recent evidence suggests that moderately restricting calories acts to protect against age-related hippocampal deficits (47–50). Likewise in human studies, loss of teeth or disuse of dentures was the factor inducing malnutrition ...
Lecoq J, Savall J, Vucinic D, Grewe BF, Kim H, Li
... interactions across pairs of brain areas in a way that simultaneously provides cellular resolution within each area. Recent work has shown the feasibility of in vivo Ca2+ imaging within presynaptic axonal inputs originating from anatomically defined areas3, but it has not been feasible, to date, to ...
... interactions across pairs of brain areas in a way that simultaneously provides cellular resolution within each area. Recent work has shown the feasibility of in vivo Ca2+ imaging within presynaptic axonal inputs originating from anatomically defined areas3, but it has not been feasible, to date, to ...
introduction - HAL
... expression of the late neuronal markers that in turn, is associated with an increase in the ratio between ...
... expression of the late neuronal markers that in turn, is associated with an increase in the ratio between ...
2.1 Resonding for change
... 1. Your ........ system carries fast....... impulses. Changes in the .............. are picked up by your................ 2. Complete: Receptor ___ CNS ___ Effector 3. Explain what happens in your nervous system when you see a piece of chocolate and eat it. ...
... 1. Your ........ system carries fast....... impulses. Changes in the .............. are picked up by your................ 2. Complete: Receptor ___ CNS ___ Effector 3. Explain what happens in your nervous system when you see a piece of chocolate and eat it. ...
Parallel basal ganglia circuits for voluntary and
... related literature. Instead, we explore the literature widely in relation to reward-oriented behaviour, some of which have been rarely discussed in basal ganglia research. This exploratory approach may raise more questions and therefore our discussions may often be speculative. By doing so, however, ...
... related literature. Instead, we explore the literature widely in relation to reward-oriented behaviour, some of which have been rarely discussed in basal ganglia research. This exploratory approach may raise more questions and therefore our discussions may often be speculative. By doing so, however, ...
C-fos Expression in the Pons and Medulla of the Cat during
... motor nuclei were selected for analysis because they comprise areas of the brainstem that have been implicated in the mechanisms of generation of active sleep phenomena (for review, see Vertes, 1984; Siegel, 1989; Jones, 1991). Photomicrographs were taken using a Nikon Microphot FXA microscope under ...
... motor nuclei were selected for analysis because they comprise areas of the brainstem that have been implicated in the mechanisms of generation of active sleep phenomena (for review, see Vertes, 1984; Siegel, 1989; Jones, 1991). Photomicrographs were taken using a Nikon Microphot FXA microscope under ...
the primate amygdala and reinforcement: a
... neurons in the dorsolateral amygdala that responded primarily to foods and to the reward-associated visual stimulus in a visual discrimination task, responses that could reflect learned associations between these visual stimuli and the primary reinforcement associated with them. However, these neuro ...
... neurons in the dorsolateral amygdala that responded primarily to foods and to the reward-associated visual stimulus in a visual discrimination task, responses that could reflect learned associations between these visual stimuli and the primary reinforcement associated with them. However, these neuro ...
Central mechanisms of osmosensation and systemic osmoregulation
... anticipatory responses that might buffer the potential impact of ingestion-related osmotic perturbations61. Indeed, water intake causes satiety in thirsty humans and animals before ECF hyperosmolality is fully corrected27,62 (FIG. 4b). Similarly, gastric water loading has been shown to lower osmotic ...
... anticipatory responses that might buffer the potential impact of ingestion-related osmotic perturbations61. Indeed, water intake causes satiety in thirsty humans and animals before ECF hyperosmolality is fully corrected27,62 (FIG. 4b). Similarly, gastric water loading has been shown to lower osmotic ...
Projections from the superior temporal sulcus to the agranular frontal
... behaviour of primates, can be conveyed to the cortical motor system through the posterior parietal cortex or through a relay in the ventral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Seltzer & Pandya, 1989). Present data indicate that STP out¯ow has also a direct access to area F6 and the SEF. Area F6 (pre-SMA ...
... behaviour of primates, can be conveyed to the cortical motor system through the posterior parietal cortex or through a relay in the ventral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Seltzer & Pandya, 1989). Present data indicate that STP out¯ow has also a direct access to area F6 and the SEF. Area F6 (pre-SMA ...
Components of Decision-Making
... Baimel, C., et al. (2015). "Orexin/hypocretin role in reward: implications for opioid and other addictions." British journal of pharmacology 172(2): 334-348. Baimel, C. and S. L. Borgland (2015). "Orexin signaling in the VTA gates morphine-induced synaptic plasticity." The journal of neuroscience 3 ...
... Baimel, C., et al. (2015). "Orexin/hypocretin role in reward: implications for opioid and other addictions." British journal of pharmacology 172(2): 334-348. Baimel, C. and S. L. Borgland (2015). "Orexin signaling in the VTA gates morphine-induced synaptic plasticity." The journal of neuroscience 3 ...
Segregated Cell Populations Enable Distinct Parallel Encoding
... of learning and memory, but that their activation differed as a function of the cell layer’s depth [51]. On one hand, the cannabinoid type-1 receptors (CB1R) can modulate the release of excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitter upon their activation [52, 53]. On the other hand, HCN channels mediate ...
... of learning and memory, but that their activation differed as a function of the cell layer’s depth [51]. On one hand, the cannabinoid type-1 receptors (CB1R) can modulate the release of excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitter upon their activation [52, 53]. On the other hand, HCN channels mediate ...
A neuronal network model of primary visual cortex explains spatial
... frequency because of the center-surround organization of their receptive fields (Kuffler 1953; Enroth-Cugell and Robson 1966; Rodieck 1965). However, the spatial frequency tuning of V1 neurons is often much narrower than that of retinal ganglion cells (Campbell et al. 1969; Movshon et al. 1978; DeVa ...
... frequency because of the center-surround organization of their receptive fields (Kuffler 1953; Enroth-Cugell and Robson 1966; Rodieck 1965). However, the spatial frequency tuning of V1 neurons is often much narrower than that of retinal ganglion cells (Campbell et al. 1969; Movshon et al. 1978; DeVa ...
Trigeminal, Gustatory, and Visceral Sensory Systems
... afferents synapse on second-order neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus — both interneurons and ascending projection neurons. The trigeminothalamic and trigeminotectal neurons are primarily located in the marginal zone. Trigeminoreticular neurons are located in the deeper portions of the nucleus. ...
... afferents synapse on second-order neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus — both interneurons and ascending projection neurons. The trigeminothalamic and trigeminotectal neurons are primarily located in the marginal zone. Trigeminoreticular neurons are located in the deeper portions of the nucleus. ...
Calcium Binding Protein-Like lmmunoreactivity Labels the Terminal
... neurons of which preserve the temporal characteristicsof the sound in the ipsilateral ear (Sullivan and Konishi, 1984).In the owl, NM projects exclusively and bilaterally to nucleus laminaris (NL) (Takahashiand Konishi, 1985, and unpublishedobservations), the avian analog of the medial superior oliv ...
... neurons of which preserve the temporal characteristicsof the sound in the ipsilateral ear (Sullivan and Konishi, 1984).In the owl, NM projects exclusively and bilaterally to nucleus laminaris (NL) (Takahashiand Konishi, 1985, and unpublishedobservations), the avian analog of the medial superior oliv ...
The Nervous System
... neurons: Nerve cells that serve as the basic elements of the nervous system glial cells: Cells that hold neurons in place and provide nourishment and insulation dendrites: Cluster of fibers at one end of a neuron that receive messages from other neurons axon: The part of a neuron that carries messag ...
... neurons: Nerve cells that serve as the basic elements of the nervous system glial cells: Cells that hold neurons in place and provide nourishment and insulation dendrites: Cluster of fibers at one end of a neuron that receive messages from other neurons axon: The part of a neuron that carries messag ...
Spikes, Local Field Potentials, and How to Model Both
... Dept. of Brain and Cog. Sciences: MIT Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging: MGH ...
... Dept. of Brain and Cog. Sciences: MIT Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging: MGH ...
The Brain Tools of Behavioral Neuroscience
... • Split-brain subjects could not name objects shown only to the right hemisphere. • If asked to select these objects with their left hand, they succeeded. • The left hemisphere controls speech, the right does not. Kassin, Essentials of Psychology - ©2004 Prentice Hall Publishing ...
... • Split-brain subjects could not name objects shown only to the right hemisphere. • If asked to select these objects with their left hand, they succeeded. • The left hemisphere controls speech, the right does not. Kassin, Essentials of Psychology - ©2004 Prentice Hall Publishing ...
Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation Polymicrogyria
... can normally be found in the cortex of the temporal lobes and basal cortex of the frontal lobes throughout life. All cortical layers undergo special organization, establishing synaptic contacts with local and distant neurons; these contacts contribute to the normal horizontal and columnar stratifica ...
... can normally be found in the cortex of the temporal lobes and basal cortex of the frontal lobes throughout life. All cortical layers undergo special organization, establishing synaptic contacts with local and distant neurons; these contacts contribute to the normal horizontal and columnar stratifica ...
Nogo Receptor mRNA Expression in Intact and Regenerating CNS
... cits. Some types of CNS neuron can, however, regenerate axons into segments of peripheral nerve grafted into the brain or spinal cord (Aguayo, 1985), but whereas all types of neuron with axons in peripheral nerve trunks can apparently regenerate, CNS neurons show large variations in their propensiti ...
... cits. Some types of CNS neuron can, however, regenerate axons into segments of peripheral nerve grafted into the brain or spinal cord (Aguayo, 1985), but whereas all types of neuron with axons in peripheral nerve trunks can apparently regenerate, CNS neurons show large variations in their propensiti ...
The Fine Structure of Slow-Wave Sleep Oscillations: from Single
... Although it is clear that spindles are generated in the thalamus, several hypotheses for the genesis of oscillations by thalamic circuits have been proposed and tested by models (reviewed in Destexhe and Sejnowski 2001, 2003). These involve reciprocal synaptic interactions between TC neurons and loc ...
... Although it is clear that spindles are generated in the thalamus, several hypotheses for the genesis of oscillations by thalamic circuits have been proposed and tested by models (reviewed in Destexhe and Sejnowski 2001, 2003). These involve reciprocal synaptic interactions between TC neurons and loc ...
Spinogenesis and pruning in the primary auditory
... beyond this peak until at least 7 months of age. Likewise, the dendritic trees continued to form more branches up to at least 7 months of age. Comparison of these data with those sampled from the primary visual area (V1) of the same animals (Elston et al., 2009a,b) reveals that cells in these two di ...
... beyond this peak until at least 7 months of age. Likewise, the dendritic trees continued to form more branches up to at least 7 months of age. Comparison of these data with those sampled from the primary visual area (V1) of the same animals (Elston et al., 2009a,b) reveals that cells in these two di ...
Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine and Dopamine
... – It is still not fully understood how memory formation occurs – However, research has shown that when a shortterm memory is converted into long-term storage in the hippocampus, neurons in the brain help to synthesize protein molecules and new connections between neurons are formed ...
... – It is still not fully understood how memory formation occurs – However, research has shown that when a shortterm memory is converted into long-term storage in the hippocampus, neurons in the brain help to synthesize protein molecules and new connections between neurons are formed ...
Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2007 Bogacz
... equation that describes an optimal test, and (ii) behaviour in terms of speed–accuracy trade-offs. Neurobiology of decision The neural bases of decision making are typically studied in experiments by presenting a subject with a stimulus that comprises moving dots [8]. A fraction of these dots move c ...
... equation that describes an optimal test, and (ii) behaviour in terms of speed–accuracy trade-offs. Neurobiology of decision The neural bases of decision making are typically studied in experiments by presenting a subject with a stimulus that comprises moving dots [8]. A fraction of these dots move c ...
Optimal decision-making theories: linking neurobiology with behaviour
... equation that describes an optimal test, and (ii) behaviour in terms of speed–accuracy trade-offs. Neurobiology of decision The neural bases of decision making are typically studied in experiments by presenting a subject with a stimulus that comprises moving dots [8]. A fraction of these dots move c ...
... equation that describes an optimal test, and (ii) behaviour in terms of speed–accuracy trade-offs. Neurobiology of decision The neural bases of decision making are typically studied in experiments by presenting a subject with a stimulus that comprises moving dots [8]. A fraction of these dots move c ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.