Investigation of the central regulation of taste perception and
... outer milieu. The food intake (energy-uptake) is a periodic process, but the function of the cells needs constant energy supply. To fulfil this requirement, a part of the consumed nutrients is metabolized and supplies energy and functioning as building blocks, whereas the other part is stored in the ...
... outer milieu. The food intake (energy-uptake) is a periodic process, but the function of the cells needs constant energy supply. To fulfil this requirement, a part of the consumed nutrients is metabolized and supplies energy and functioning as building blocks, whereas the other part is stored in the ...
Nervous_system_Tissue_Overview0
... Neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft when the vesicle fuses with the membrane (presynaptic neuron) NT diffuses across the cleft and binds to the receptors on the dendrite of the next neuron (postsynaptic neuron) Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cumm ...
... Neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft when the vesicle fuses with the membrane (presynaptic neuron) NT diffuses across the cleft and binds to the receptors on the dendrite of the next neuron (postsynaptic neuron) Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cumm ...
Behavioural Brain Research Multisensory contributions to the
... range goes from about 20 Hz to 20 kHz in young healthy adults (see [14]). Despite these important differences, one interesting aspect is that, albeit small, there is a window of overlap between the ranges of vibratory sensitivity of each modality that provides the basis for audio-tactile interaction ...
... range goes from about 20 Hz to 20 kHz in young healthy adults (see [14]). Despite these important differences, one interesting aspect is that, albeit small, there is a window of overlap between the ranges of vibratory sensitivity of each modality that provides the basis for audio-tactile interaction ...
Abstract The cochiear nucleus of the barn owl is composed of two
... increasing frequency. We have observed this phenomenon both with spike detectors which measure the time of occurrence of the action potential peak and the time at which a fixed voltage level is crossed. Tests with artificial spikes and mathematical simulations show that peak time detection is much l ...
... increasing frequency. We have observed this phenomenon both with spike detectors which measure the time of occurrence of the action potential peak and the time at which a fixed voltage level is crossed. Tests with artificial spikes and mathematical simulations show that peak time detection is much l ...
Computational approaches to sensorimotor transformations
... mathematical formalism is consistent with the responses of cortical neurons and provides a fresh perspective on the issue of frames of reference in spatial representations. The term 'sensorimotor transformation' refers to the process by which sensory stimuli are converted into motor commands. This p ...
... mathematical formalism is consistent with the responses of cortical neurons and provides a fresh perspective on the issue of frames of reference in spatial representations. The term 'sensorimotor transformation' refers to the process by which sensory stimuli are converted into motor commands. This p ...
1 Understanding Neurotransmission and the Disease of Addiction (2
... having a certain amount of drug present and does not respond the same way it did initially. For this reason, drug abusers and addicts take increasingly higher amounts of an abused drug. Tolerance may develop because the body may become more efficient at eliminating the chemical from the body, or be ...
... having a certain amount of drug present and does not respond the same way it did initially. For this reason, drug abusers and addicts take increasingly higher amounts of an abused drug. Tolerance may develop because the body may become more efficient at eliminating the chemical from the body, or be ...
muscle stretch reflex
... stimulus, the sensory fibers decrease the frequency of action potential firing due to the decreased length of the central region. The sensory afferent neurons relay the occurrence of the contraction through ...
... stimulus, the sensory fibers decrease the frequency of action potential firing due to the decreased length of the central region. The sensory afferent neurons relay the occurrence of the contraction through ...
Neurotransmitters - AC Reynolds High
... EPSPs must summate temporally or spatially to induce an action potential Temporal summation – presynaptic neurons transmit impulses in rapid-fire order ...
... EPSPs must summate temporally or spatially to induce an action potential Temporal summation – presynaptic neurons transmit impulses in rapid-fire order ...
SEGMENTATION OF NEURONS BASED ON ONE
... distribution. Hence, we randomly select 1M samples from B and fix N = 500, we set σs = 5 because it is an adequate value for the size of the histogram, k2 = 1.5k1 because it allows detection of thicker dendrites and we have experimentally estimated the relationship k1 ≈ 0.5913σ −1 used to detect str ...
... distribution. Hence, we randomly select 1M samples from B and fix N = 500, we set σs = 5 because it is an adequate value for the size of the histogram, k2 = 1.5k1 because it allows detection of thicker dendrites and we have experimentally estimated the relationship k1 ≈ 0.5913σ −1 used to detect str ...
Neural coding of basic reward terms of animal
... found that neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex show higher activation when expecting a small piece of apple than when expecting cereal. However, when in another trial block the cereal is replaced by a piece of raisin that is even more preferred by the animal, the same neurons show higher activity fo ...
... found that neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex show higher activation when expecting a small piece of apple than when expecting cereal. However, when in another trial block the cereal is replaced by a piece of raisin that is even more preferred by the animal, the same neurons show higher activity fo ...
Tactile orientation perception: an ideal observer analysis of human
... have elliptical RFs (Pruszynski and Johansson 2014; VegaBermudez and Johnson 1999) with aspect ratios that are similar, on average, to those of S1 cortical neurons (Sripati et al. 2006b). Elongated RFs, however, seem to be somewhat more prevalent in cortex than in the periphery. Sripati et al. (2006 ...
... have elliptical RFs (Pruszynski and Johansson 2014; VegaBermudez and Johnson 1999) with aspect ratios that are similar, on average, to those of S1 cortical neurons (Sripati et al. 2006b). Elongated RFs, however, seem to be somewhat more prevalent in cortex than in the periphery. Sripati et al. (2006 ...
INSTANTANEOUSLY TRAINED NEURAL NETWORKS WITH
... regions, dividing a 16 by 16 area into a black spiral shaped region and another white region. A point in the black spiral region is represented as a binary “1” and a point in the white region is represented by a binary “0”. Any point in the region is represented by row and column coordinates. These ...
... regions, dividing a 16 by 16 area into a black spiral shaped region and another white region. A point in the black spiral region is represented as a binary “1” and a point in the white region is represented by a binary “0”. Any point in the region is represented by row and column coordinates. These ...
A framework for the first-person internal sensation of visual
... elements of the various higher brain functions due to the following reasons. (1) Since different sets of dendritic spine inputs (postsynaptic potentials) can lead to the same action potential, neuronal firing is non-specific with regards to its inputs. For example, in a pyramidal neuron with thousan ...
... elements of the various higher brain functions due to the following reasons. (1) Since different sets of dendritic spine inputs (postsynaptic potentials) can lead to the same action potential, neuronal firing is non-specific with regards to its inputs. For example, in a pyramidal neuron with thousan ...
Vestibular System
... Axial muscles and proximal muscles of the extremeties; therefore, adjusts the contraction of muscles that oppose the force of gravity Medial Vestibulospinal Tract (MVST): arises from the caudal half of the VCN (especially medial nucleus); may have bilateral distribution in the caudal medulla but is ...
... Axial muscles and proximal muscles of the extremeties; therefore, adjusts the contraction of muscles that oppose the force of gravity Medial Vestibulospinal Tract (MVST): arises from the caudal half of the VCN (especially medial nucleus); may have bilateral distribution in the caudal medulla but is ...
An Introduction to the ANS and Higher
... • Parasympathetic Division • Preganglionic fibers originate in brain stem and sacral segments of spinal cord; craniosacral • Synapse in ganglia close to (or within) target organs • Preganglionic fibers are long • Postganglionic fibers are short • Parasympathetic division stimulates visceral activity ...
... • Parasympathetic Division • Preganglionic fibers originate in brain stem and sacral segments of spinal cord; craniosacral • Synapse in ganglia close to (or within) target organs • Preganglionic fibers are long • Postganglionic fibers are short • Parasympathetic division stimulates visceral activity ...
Basic functional neuroanatomy
... the brain. The largest choroid plexuses are those of the lateral ventricles. Choroid plexus is a richly vascular tissue in which permeable capillary blood vessels are enclosed in a secretory epithelium. CSF leaves the ventricular system by way of three holes in the roof of the fourth ventricle. The ...
... the brain. The largest choroid plexuses are those of the lateral ventricles. Choroid plexus is a richly vascular tissue in which permeable capillary blood vessels are enclosed in a secretory epithelium. CSF leaves the ventricular system by way of three holes in the roof of the fourth ventricle. The ...
NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS NEURONAL ACTIVITY DURING A
... made after FOC, are unable to use the motivational value of a CS to acquire and express new responses in SOC (McDannald, Setlow, & Holland, 2013). Further, disconnection lesions of the basolateral amygdala (BLA), a major limbic input to the NAc, also impair cue-oriented responses (Chang et al., 2012 ...
... made after FOC, are unable to use the motivational value of a CS to acquire and express new responses in SOC (McDannald, Setlow, & Holland, 2013). Further, disconnection lesions of the basolateral amygdala (BLA), a major limbic input to the NAc, also impair cue-oriented responses (Chang et al., 2012 ...
PN4235: Motoneurons: from physiology to pathology Module summary:
... 1) Historical overview including why motoneurons are the prototypic neuron – first intracellular recording of a CNS neuron was a MN… (KTS) 2) Synaptic inputs to motoneurons – sensory input and reflexes, descending and local drive, anatomical organisation of inputs in dendritic tree (KTS). 3) Intrins ...
... 1) Historical overview including why motoneurons are the prototypic neuron – first intracellular recording of a CNS neuron was a MN… (KTS) 2) Synaptic inputs to motoneurons – sensory input and reflexes, descending and local drive, anatomical organisation of inputs in dendritic tree (KTS). 3) Intrins ...
Full-Text PDF
... ability to target specific neuronal populations. Targeting subpopulations requires stimuli designed to evoke activity in particular neurons or brain regions while simultaneously preventing activation of off-target neurons or brain regions [3,4]. Improvements in selective stimulation are applicable t ...
... ability to target specific neuronal populations. Targeting subpopulations requires stimuli designed to evoke activity in particular neurons or brain regions while simultaneously preventing activation of off-target neurons or brain regions [3,4]. Improvements in selective stimulation are applicable t ...
DNA Replication Precedes Neuronal Cell Death
... (Fig. 4 B), or age-matched controls for the Alzheimer’s disease cases (Figs. 4C), no neuronal nucleus contained more than two spots of hybridization. Note that in this and all subsequent Figures, small specks of background fluorescence are visible. These are easily distinguished from the specific lo ...
... (Fig. 4 B), or age-matched controls for the Alzheimer’s disease cases (Figs. 4C), no neuronal nucleus contained more than two spots of hybridization. Note that in this and all subsequent Figures, small specks of background fluorescence are visible. These are easily distinguished from the specific lo ...
Organization of Motor Systems
... Somatic units consist of single muscle fiber types • Smaller cell bodies are more easily brought to threshold; the smallest cell bodies belong to motorneurons that serve type I units, the next size category serves Type IIa units, and the largest sizes serve Type IIb units • As muscular effort is in ...
... Somatic units consist of single muscle fiber types • Smaller cell bodies are more easily brought to threshold; the smallest cell bodies belong to motorneurons that serve type I units, the next size category serves Type IIa units, and the largest sizes serve Type IIb units • As muscular effort is in ...
![Acetylcholine Acetylcholine IUPAC name[hide] 2-Acetoxy](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/001757659_1-dd3a11ed2d1408ee2f9aa2f256cd3204-300x300.png)
Acetylcholine Acetylcholine IUPAC name[hide] 2-Acetoxy
... Excitability and inhibition Acetylcholine also has other effects on neurons. One effect is to cause a slow depolarization[citation needed] by blocking a tonically-active K+ current, which increases neuronal excitability. Alternatively, acetylcholine can activate non-specific cation conductances to d ...
... Excitability and inhibition Acetylcholine also has other effects on neurons. One effect is to cause a slow depolarization[citation needed] by blocking a tonically-active K+ current, which increases neuronal excitability. Alternatively, acetylcholine can activate non-specific cation conductances to d ...
Latest Findings in the Mechanisms of Cortical `Arousal`: `Enabling
... pyramidal (projecting-out) cells in adjacent cortical columns (Dringenberg, 1998). This is likely achieved by preventing the escape of potassium (K+) ions from these cells (Jones, 1998). This tonic effect on parts of the cortex presumably leads to the conscious state shared by quiet waking and REM s ...
... pyramidal (projecting-out) cells in adjacent cortical columns (Dringenberg, 1998). This is likely achieved by preventing the escape of potassium (K+) ions from these cells (Jones, 1998). This tonic effect on parts of the cortex presumably leads to the conscious state shared by quiet waking and REM s ...
Paper: Neural substrates for expectation
... • Storage of fear memories requires Hebbian long-term potentiation at conditioned stimulus input synapses onto neurons in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala. ...
... • Storage of fear memories requires Hebbian long-term potentiation at conditioned stimulus input synapses onto neurons in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala. ...
STATE-DEPENDENT OPIOID CONTROL OF PAIN
... Opioids in the pain-modulation circuit. Morphine is the prototypical MOR agonist. MOR agonists produce analgesia through both pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms at multiple CNS sites (FIG. 3). MOR agonists can directly inhibit pain transmission at spinal levels through actions on primary afferents25 a ...
... Opioids in the pain-modulation circuit. Morphine is the prototypical MOR agonist. MOR agonists produce analgesia through both pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms at multiple CNS sites (FIG. 3). MOR agonists can directly inhibit pain transmission at spinal levels through actions on primary afferents25 a ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.