Slide 8
... and testes. Each of the glands secrete a specific type of hormone that influences body functions, behavior and emotions. Located in the brain, the pituitary gland or "head" gland regulates the other glands. The glands produce chemical messages called hormones. Hormones are similar to neurotransmitte ...
... and testes. Each of the glands secrete a specific type of hormone that influences body functions, behavior and emotions. Located in the brain, the pituitary gland or "head" gland regulates the other glands. The glands produce chemical messages called hormones. Hormones are similar to neurotransmitte ...
Prediction error for free monetary reward in the human prefrontal
... Making predictions about future rewards is an important ability for primates, and its neurophysiological mechanisms have been studied extensively. One important approach is to identify neural systems that process errors related to reward prediction (i.e., areas that register the occurrence of unpred ...
... Making predictions about future rewards is an important ability for primates, and its neurophysiological mechanisms have been studied extensively. One important approach is to identify neural systems that process errors related to reward prediction (i.e., areas that register the occurrence of unpred ...
Posterior Pituitary
... these neurons are in the hypothalamus. The posterior pituitary and the infundibulum together are referred to as the neurohypophysis. The posterior pituitary does not produce hormones, but stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus and release them into the bloodstream. The hormones antidiuretic ho ...
... these neurons are in the hypothalamus. The posterior pituitary and the infundibulum together are referred to as the neurohypophysis. The posterior pituitary does not produce hormones, but stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus and release them into the bloodstream. The hormones antidiuretic ho ...
Dorsal spinal cord stimulation obtunds the capacity of intrathoracic
... by neurons in that ganglion was identified using methods that have been described previously (6; 11). The recording microelectrode utilized had a 250-µm shank diameter, an exposed tip of 10 µm and an impedance of 9-11 MΩ at 1,000 Hz (Frederick Haer & Co., model #ME 25-10-2). The indifferent electrod ...
... by neurons in that ganglion was identified using methods that have been described previously (6; 11). The recording microelectrode utilized had a 250-µm shank diameter, an exposed tip of 10 µm and an impedance of 9-11 MΩ at 1,000 Hz (Frederick Haer & Co., model #ME 25-10-2). The indifferent electrod ...
Roles of Multiple Globus Pallidus Territories of Monkeys and
... GP neurons in the associative territory encode behavioral goals ...
... GP neurons in the associative territory encode behavioral goals ...
Different Subthreshold Mechanisms Underlie Song Selectivity in
... this idea, in vivo intracellular recordings from X-projecting neurons reveal that they have song-selective auditory responses (Lewicki, 1996). Furthermore, certain X-projecting neurons display BOSevoked hyperpolarizations (Lewicki, 1996), perhaps driven by HVc interneurons, that might refine these r ...
... this idea, in vivo intracellular recordings from X-projecting neurons reveal that they have song-selective auditory responses (Lewicki, 1996). Furthermore, certain X-projecting neurons display BOSevoked hyperpolarizations (Lewicki, 1996), perhaps driven by HVc interneurons, that might refine these r ...
Glutamate Receptors Form Hot Spots on Apical Dendrites of
... of the recorded cells. It has previously been shown that ␥-CNB-caged glutamate, at 1 mM concentration, does not desensitize glutamate receptors in hippocampal neurons, and that caged glutamate does not inhibit the activation of the glutamate receptors by 50 M glutamate (Wieboldt et al. 1994). Likew ...
... of the recorded cells. It has previously been shown that ␥-CNB-caged glutamate, at 1 mM concentration, does not desensitize glutamate receptors in hippocampal neurons, and that caged glutamate does not inhibit the activation of the glutamate receptors by 50 M glutamate (Wieboldt et al. 1994). Likew ...
Neuronal networks for induced `40 Hz` rhythms
... were tuned by the time constants of excitatory and inhibitory synapses.We are not awareof any attempts to dissectthese complexinteractionsexperimentally;in particular,an investigationof the effectsof conduction delayson cortical oscillations wouldbe instructive. Intrinsic oscillations in individual ...
... were tuned by the time constants of excitatory and inhibitory synapses.We are not awareof any attempts to dissectthese complexinteractionsexperimentally;in particular,an investigationof the effectsof conduction delayson cortical oscillations wouldbe instructive. Intrinsic oscillations in individual ...
Development of the human cerebral cortex: Boulder Committee
... generated in the VZ, migrate radially to join the predecessor neurons. d | As shown in ref. 14, and illustrated in another example here, at E40–E41 mitotic cells (indicated by the arrows) start to accumulate at the basal border of the VZ, initiating formation of the subventricular zone (SVZ) before ...
... generated in the VZ, migrate radially to join the predecessor neurons. d | As shown in ref. 14, and illustrated in another example here, at E40–E41 mitotic cells (indicated by the arrows) start to accumulate at the basal border of the VZ, initiating formation of the subventricular zone (SVZ) before ...
Lab #6: Neurophysiology Simulation
... threshold. This induces the opening of the voltage-gated ion channels (Figs 6.3 and 6.4). The channels specific for Na+ open very quickly, thus there is a rapid increase in the permeability of the plasma membrane to Na+. Na+ rapidly flows into the interior of the cell along its electrochemical gradi ...
... threshold. This induces the opening of the voltage-gated ion channels (Figs 6.3 and 6.4). The channels specific for Na+ open very quickly, thus there is a rapid increase in the permeability of the plasma membrane to Na+. Na+ rapidly flows into the interior of the cell along its electrochemical gradi ...
Nissl substance and cellular structures involved in the intraneuronal
... Their dendrites branch between muscle fibers and tightly contact to them [12]. Muscle extension stretches the dendrite membrane at contact regions. The following depolarization induces receptor potential that triggers spikes propagating along the axon. This supplies ventral ganglia with the informat ...
... Their dendrites branch between muscle fibers and tightly contact to them [12]. Muscle extension stretches the dendrite membrane at contact regions. The following depolarization induces receptor potential that triggers spikes propagating along the axon. This supplies ventral ganglia with the informat ...
Prevalent Presence of Periodic Actin-spectrin-based
... the cortex, hippocampus and midbrain, and distinguished excitatory and inhibitory neurons using immunofluorescence against vGlut1 and GAD2, respectively (Fig. S1). We then labeled βII spectrin in these neurons using immunofluorescence and imaged immunolabeled βII spectrin using 3D STORM imaging, a s ...
... the cortex, hippocampus and midbrain, and distinguished excitatory and inhibitory neurons using immunofluorescence against vGlut1 and GAD2, respectively (Fig. S1). We then labeled βII spectrin in these neurons using immunofluorescence and imaged immunolabeled βII spectrin using 3D STORM imaging, a s ...
No Slide Title
... Distinguishing the neural representation of the action or object per se (CF) from the gesture which represents it (PF) 2. Extending these pantomime movements to to provide ad hoc gestures that may convey to the observer information which is hared to pantomime in an “obvious” manner. This requires ...
... Distinguishing the neural representation of the action or object per se (CF) from the gesture which represents it (PF) 2. Extending these pantomime movements to to provide ad hoc gestures that may convey to the observer information which is hared to pantomime in an “obvious” manner. This requires ...
Reprint () - Centre de recherche CERVO
... the field of barreloids, because electron microscopic studies consistently reported SP5i profiles presynaptic to VPM cells dendrites (Chiaia et al., 1991a; Wang and Ohara, 1993; Williams et al., 1994). In addition, large numbers of VPM neurons exhibit an overt multiwhisker responsiveness in PR5 lesi ...
... the field of barreloids, because electron microscopic studies consistently reported SP5i profiles presynaptic to VPM cells dendrites (Chiaia et al., 1991a; Wang and Ohara, 1993; Williams et al., 1994). In addition, large numbers of VPM neurons exhibit an overt multiwhisker responsiveness in PR5 lesi ...
- Stem-cell and Brain Research Institute
... In order to establish the complete pattern of cortical connectivity of area V1, we implemented a quantitative analysis using tracers of optimal sensitivity. We made injections of the retrograde tracers fast blue and diamidino yellow in area V1 subserving central and peripheral visual fields. A major ...
... In order to establish the complete pattern of cortical connectivity of area V1, we implemented a quantitative analysis using tracers of optimal sensitivity. We made injections of the retrograde tracers fast blue and diamidino yellow in area V1 subserving central and peripheral visual fields. A major ...
Imaging Brain Slices
... depends on new techniques, new discoveries, and new ideas, probably in that order.” (Brenner, 2002). As an example, we would argue that the invention of high-affinity, selective calcium indicators have revolutionized many fields of biology (Grynkiewicz et al., 1985; Tsien, 1989). We feel that method ...
... depends on new techniques, new discoveries, and new ideas, probably in that order.” (Brenner, 2002). As an example, we would argue that the invention of high-affinity, selective calcium indicators have revolutionized many fields of biology (Grynkiewicz et al., 1985; Tsien, 1989). We feel that method ...
Anatomical Evidence of Multimodal Integration in Primate
... ranges of eccentricity with reference to published maps of the representation of visual space in area 17 (Daniel and Whitteridge, 1961; Gattass et al., 1981; Van Essen et al., 1984). Injections aimed at the foveal representation of area 17 and were made laterally on the operculum of the occipital lo ...
... ranges of eccentricity with reference to published maps of the representation of visual space in area 17 (Daniel and Whitteridge, 1961; Gattass et al., 1981; Van Essen et al., 1984). Injections aimed at the foveal representation of area 17 and were made laterally on the operculum of the occipital lo ...
Mesodermal and neuronal retinoids regulate the induction and
... have been stymied by the early lethality of Raldh2 null embryos prior to motor neuron generation (Niederreither et al., 1999). A recent study where Raldh2 expression was genetically ablated in forelimb spinal motor neurons led to a decrease of forelimb LMCl neurons, supporting the idea that motor ne ...
... have been stymied by the early lethality of Raldh2 null embryos prior to motor neuron generation (Niederreither et al., 1999). A recent study where Raldh2 expression was genetically ablated in forelimb spinal motor neurons led to a decrease of forelimb LMCl neurons, supporting the idea that motor ne ...
Transgenic Mouse Lines Subdivide Medial Vestibular Nucleus
... gen). Reactions were then incubated at 50°C for 1 h and 75°C for 10 min mouse line with a fluorescently labeled population distinct from that of and stored at 4°C. Positive controls [whole-brain RNA preparations GIN neurons, we examined mice generated by insertion of a modified (RNeasy kit; Qiagen, ...
... gen). Reactions were then incubated at 50°C for 1 h and 75°C for 10 min mouse line with a fluorescently labeled population distinct from that of and stored at 4°C. Positive controls [whole-brain RNA preparations GIN neurons, we examined mice generated by insertion of a modified (RNeasy kit; Qiagen, ...
The Motor System of the Cortex and the Brain Stem
... current position of the end-effector, where the end-effector now is not hand position but the cursor position, then their discharge might be invariant to changes in arm configuration. Indeed, among nearly all the task related PMv cells that were found, discharge was related to the direction of the ...
... current position of the end-effector, where the end-effector now is not hand position but the cursor position, then their discharge might be invariant to changes in arm configuration. Indeed, among nearly all the task related PMv cells that were found, discharge was related to the direction of the ...
Visually guided behavior in drosophila
... similarly to the low resolution setting, but more importantly recovering the point of view is done better in low resolution. It implies the fly can navigate better than us without aligning former snapshots with the current present view. This conclusion is supported by Zeil et al. (2003) that stated ...
... similarly to the low resolution setting, but more importantly recovering the point of view is done better in low resolution. It implies the fly can navigate better than us without aligning former snapshots with the current present view. This conclusion is supported by Zeil et al. (2003) that stated ...
The functional organization of the intraparietal sulcus in humans and
... studies report the involvement of PPC, implicating that this region is part of a network concerned with polymodal information processing (Macaluso et al. 2003). For example, the neural networks for visual and auditory motion processing encompass distinct but partially overlapping activations in or n ...
... studies report the involvement of PPC, implicating that this region is part of a network concerned with polymodal information processing (Macaluso et al. 2003). For example, the neural networks for visual and auditory motion processing encompass distinct but partially overlapping activations in or n ...
Investigation of the central regulation of taste perception and
... outer milieu. The food intake (energy-uptake) is a periodic process, but the function of the cells needs constant energy supply. To fulfil this requirement, a part of the consumed nutrients is metabolized and supplies energy and functioning as building blocks, whereas the other part is stored in the ...
... outer milieu. The food intake (energy-uptake) is a periodic process, but the function of the cells needs constant energy supply. To fulfil this requirement, a part of the consumed nutrients is metabolized and supplies energy and functioning as building blocks, whereas the other part is stored in the ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.