Acquisition of Box Pushing by Direct-Vision
... The target object is a lying rectangular parallelepiped box made of paper. The size is 30mm × 70mm × 30mm. Since the contents are empty, it is very light. The outer color is black, while the inner color is white. Since the box has a pipe-like shape, and the smaller sides are covered with no paper, ...
... The target object is a lying rectangular parallelepiped box made of paper. The size is 30mm × 70mm × 30mm. Since the contents are empty, it is very light. The outer color is black, while the inner color is white. Since the box has a pipe-like shape, and the smaller sides are covered with no paper, ...
How cognitive theory guides neuroscience
... memory at varying levels of abstraction that point to functional tradeoffs between memory processes that constrain processing in hippocampus. One such trade off concerns how a memory system that rapidly encodes and retrieves individual episodes knows whether to treat partly overlapping events as dis ...
... memory at varying levels of abstraction that point to functional tradeoffs between memory processes that constrain processing in hippocampus. One such trade off concerns how a memory system that rapidly encodes and retrieves individual episodes knows whether to treat partly overlapping events as dis ...
Brain Architecture for an Intelligent Stream of Consciousness
... chapter: (1) dendritic logic, of which there may be thousands of gates per neuron, but in a gate of this type, pulses must arrive concurrently, and (2) enabled logic, which is limited to charge accumulation and subsequent triggering at a capacitive body such as a soma. Engineers are familiar with en ...
... chapter: (1) dendritic logic, of which there may be thousands of gates per neuron, but in a gate of this type, pulses must arrive concurrently, and (2) enabled logic, which is limited to charge accumulation and subsequent triggering at a capacitive body such as a soma. Engineers are familiar with en ...
`What` and `where` in the human brain
... Area V4 in the monkey contains neurons selective for many different features relevant for object recognition, including color and shape [14,15,68,69’1. In Old World monkeys, the area is located dorsally in the hemisphere (mainly on the prelunate gyrus), where the lower visual field is represented, a ...
... Area V4 in the monkey contains neurons selective for many different features relevant for object recognition, including color and shape [14,15,68,69’1. In Old World monkeys, the area is located dorsally in the hemisphere (mainly on the prelunate gyrus), where the lower visual field is represented, a ...
Mechanisms of cell migration in the nervous system
... which newly specified neurons migrate before they differentiate and form synapses. Some migrations cover long distances—up to thousands of cell diameters—and follow complex routes, changing direction at landmarks along the way (a key to the major migratory routes, terminology, and abbreviations is p ...
... which newly specified neurons migrate before they differentiate and form synapses. Some migrations cover long distances—up to thousands of cell diameters—and follow complex routes, changing direction at landmarks along the way (a key to the major migratory routes, terminology, and abbreviations is p ...
The Neural Basis of Visually Guided Behavior
... the strength of the inhibitory surrounds are different for each of three classes of ganglion cells (b). For the square object and the vertical bar (which the ganglion cell "confuses"), maximum activi ty is elicited when the size of the object matches the excitatory-field size of each type of gangli ...
... the strength of the inhibitory surrounds are different for each of three classes of ganglion cells (b). For the square object and the vertical bar (which the ganglion cell "confuses"), maximum activi ty is elicited when the size of the object matches the excitatory-field size of each type of gangli ...
Tutorial on Pattern Classification in Cell Recording
... as few as five repetitions of each experimental condition are enough to give interpretable results (Meyers et al., 2008), although higher decoding accuracies are usually obtained with more repetitions. Second, it is important that the stimuli are presented in random order. If the stimuli are not pre ...
... as few as five repetitions of each experimental condition are enough to give interpretable results (Meyers et al., 2008), although higher decoding accuracies are usually obtained with more repetitions. Second, it is important that the stimuli are presented in random order. If the stimuli are not pre ...
Intrinsic laminar lattice connections in primate visual cortex
... connections within laminae 2 and 3A constitute a previously unsuspected cortical substructure, distinct from the well-organized cortical inhomogeneities imposed by extrinsic thalamic or corticocortical interareal connections. Moreover, in the tree shrew this anatomically labeled pat- ...
... connections within laminae 2 and 3A constitute a previously unsuspected cortical substructure, distinct from the well-organized cortical inhomogeneities imposed by extrinsic thalamic or corticocortical interareal connections. Moreover, in the tree shrew this anatomically labeled pat- ...
Representation of Number in Animals and Humans: A Neural Model
... strongly to) a specific number of objects. The critical properties of these number-selective neurons are the following. First, they act like filters over numerosity: Neurons that are most responsive to a particular numerosity x also react somewhat weaker to numerosities x 1 and x + 1, still somew ...
... strongly to) a specific number of objects. The critical properties of these number-selective neurons are the following. First, they act like filters over numerosity: Neurons that are most responsive to a particular numerosity x also react somewhat weaker to numerosities x 1 and x + 1, still somew ...
motor pathways i-iii
... ii. Axons leave the tract at all levels and terminate by synapsing on the LMNs in the anterior horn on the same side as the tract (contralateral to the side of their origin). They largely end on neurons that innervate muscles in the distal parts of the limbs. iii. At any level below the decussation, ...
... ii. Axons leave the tract at all levels and terminate by synapsing on the LMNs in the anterior horn on the same side as the tract (contralateral to the side of their origin). They largely end on neurons that innervate muscles in the distal parts of the limbs. iii. At any level below the decussation, ...
Cholinergic Cell Loss and Hypertrophy in the Medial Septal Nucleus
... from the plots. Because our intention was to compare the relative number of labeled neurons in young and aged brains, rather than to derive an accurate estimate of the total number of cholinergic medial septal cells in the monkey brain, stereological correction factors were not employed. Cells were ...
... from the plots. Because our intention was to compare the relative number of labeled neurons in young and aged brains, rather than to derive an accurate estimate of the total number of cholinergic medial septal cells in the monkey brain, stereological correction factors were not employed. Cells were ...
Processing of complex stimuli and natural scenes in the visual cortex
... extensively studied and a diverse range of these have been described (see Allman et al. and Fitzpatrick [20,21] for a review). A recent study sought to classify these effects [22]. But instead of finding a unified picture of contextual effects, the authors came up with a different point of view: re ...
... extensively studied and a diverse range of these have been described (see Allman et al. and Fitzpatrick [20,21] for a review). A recent study sought to classify these effects [22]. But instead of finding a unified picture of contextual effects, the authors came up with a different point of view: re ...
Nature template
... efficiently and very fast (5-7). In a brain slice, precise time relations among several neurons have been observed (4). Could this phenomenon be also observed in brains of behaving animals? We use here data-mining techniques and rigorous statistic testing to test how precise are time intervals betwe ...
... efficiently and very fast (5-7). In a brain slice, precise time relations among several neurons have been observed (4). Could this phenomenon be also observed in brains of behaving animals? We use here data-mining techniques and rigorous statistic testing to test how precise are time intervals betwe ...
Cross-modal and cross-temporal association in neurons of frontal
... evidence that the cell belongs to the cortical network representing the two associated stimuli in long-term memory (paired crossmodal association). Most units in the sample of 325 showed changes of ®ring frequency in temporal relation to one or more task events or periods, although most of these cha ...
... evidence that the cell belongs to the cortical network representing the two associated stimuli in long-term memory (paired crossmodal association). Most units in the sample of 325 showed changes of ®ring frequency in temporal relation to one or more task events or periods, although most of these cha ...
The Nervous System
... • Nervous system communication can be conceptualized as working through a twostep process: 1. signal movement down a neuron’s axon 2. signal movement from this axon to a second cell across a structure known as a synapse ...
... • Nervous system communication can be conceptualized as working through a twostep process: 1. signal movement down a neuron’s axon 2. signal movement from this axon to a second cell across a structure known as a synapse ...
High-frequency stimulation in Parkinson`s disease: more
... Deep-brain stimulation at high frequency is now considered the most effective neurosurgical therapy for movement disorders. An electrode is chronically implanted in a particular area of the brain and, when continuously stimulated, it significantly alleviates motor symptoms. In Parkinson’s disease, c ...
... Deep-brain stimulation at high frequency is now considered the most effective neurosurgical therapy for movement disorders. An electrode is chronically implanted in a particular area of the brain and, when continuously stimulated, it significantly alleviates motor symptoms. In Parkinson’s disease, c ...
Cranial nerves III, IV,VI and Visual Pathway
... half of retina decussate within the chiasma and join uncrossed fibers from the temporal (lateral) half of the retina to form the optic tract. • The decussation of nerve fibers in the chiasma results in the right optic tract conveying impulses from the LEFT visual field and vice versa. • The partial ...
... half of retina decussate within the chiasma and join uncrossed fibers from the temporal (lateral) half of the retina to form the optic tract. • The decussation of nerve fibers in the chiasma results in the right optic tract conveying impulses from the LEFT visual field and vice versa. • The partial ...
CranialN11
... limbs to have unilateral (crossed) projections, and medial tracts to serving the axis to have bilateral. Functional or clinical significance? Muscles working in concert – unilateral lesion no unilateral deficit. This is frequently the scenario with descending tracts for the head as well: bilateral ...
... limbs to have unilateral (crossed) projections, and medial tracts to serving the axis to have bilateral. Functional or clinical significance? Muscles working in concert – unilateral lesion no unilateral deficit. This is frequently the scenario with descending tracts for the head as well: bilateral ...
Electrical stimulation of neural tissue to evoke behavioral responses
... The last comprehensive review written on electrical stimulation was done by Ranck in 1975. Since this time there has been much new information about the currentdistance estimatesof neurons, the effect of tip size on the activation of neurons, and tissue damage due to stimulation. The goal of this re ...
... The last comprehensive review written on electrical stimulation was done by Ranck in 1975. Since this time there has been much new information about the currentdistance estimatesof neurons, the effect of tip size on the activation of neurons, and tissue damage due to stimulation. The goal of this re ...
projecting to oculomotor regions of the pons Activity of monkey
... similar to the activity of neurons antidromically excited from the superior colliculus where 59% had movement related activity, and 22% had fovea1 and fixation related activity. 5. High-intensity, short-duration electrical stimulation of the frontal eye field caused omnipause neurons to stop firing. ...
... similar to the activity of neurons antidromically excited from the superior colliculus where 59% had movement related activity, and 22% had fovea1 and fixation related activity. 5. High-intensity, short-duration electrical stimulation of the frontal eye field caused omnipause neurons to stop firing. ...
Investigating circadian rhythmicity in pain sensitivity using
... The ability for an organism to detect pain is essential for its survival. It is intuitive that the processing of pain must engage a wide-variety of neural circuits ranging from the spinal cord, up through the brainstem, thalamus, and cortex. Though this is true, many of the higher-level cognitive an ...
... The ability for an organism to detect pain is essential for its survival. It is intuitive that the processing of pain must engage a wide-variety of neural circuits ranging from the spinal cord, up through the brainstem, thalamus, and cortex. Though this is true, many of the higher-level cognitive an ...
An Energy Budget for Signaling in the Grey Matter of the Brain
... 4.4-fold at −70 mV at cerebellar synapses (Jahr and Stevens, 1990)). Taking an average value of 1, and noting that 10% of the charge influx is carried by Ca2+ rather than Na+ (Burnashev et al., 1995), this implies an entry of 180,000 Na+ and 10,000 Ca2+ per vesicle of glutamate released. Each Ca2+ i ...
... 4.4-fold at −70 mV at cerebellar synapses (Jahr and Stevens, 1990)). Taking an average value of 1, and noting that 10% of the charge influx is carried by Ca2+ rather than Na+ (Burnashev et al., 1995), this implies an entry of 180,000 Na+ and 10,000 Ca2+ per vesicle of glutamate released. Each Ca2+ i ...
Topographical organization of the pedunculopontine nucleus
... although differences have been observed within each neuronal type in relation to the co-expression of other neurochemical markers and their firing properties. In different regions of the brain including hippocampus (Acsady et al., 1993; Somogyi and Klausberger, 2005), cortex (Staiger et al., 2004), ...
... although differences have been observed within each neuronal type in relation to the co-expression of other neurochemical markers and their firing properties. In different regions of the brain including hippocampus (Acsady et al., 1993; Somogyi and Klausberger, 2005), cortex (Staiger et al., 2004), ...
M1 Corticospinal Mirror Neurons and Their Role in
... We trained two adult, purpose-bred macaque monkeys to either perform a precision grip between index finger and thumb or watch an experimenter perform the same grip. In one monkey (M43), in which the initial findings were made, the design was very simple: the monkey either grasped a small piece of fr ...
... We trained two adult, purpose-bred macaque monkeys to either perform a precision grip between index finger and thumb or watch an experimenter perform the same grip. In one monkey (M43), in which the initial findings were made, the design was very simple: the monkey either grasped a small piece of fr ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.