Parietal Cortex and Hippocampal Contributions to RuleBased
... The first major discovery of spatial mapping in the brain occurred in 1971, when John O’Keefe found a special cell with a unique firing pattern in a part of the brain called the hippocampus. These cells, later called place cells, were found to fire when a rat was in a particular place in its envir ...
... The first major discovery of spatial mapping in the brain occurred in 1971, when John O’Keefe found a special cell with a unique firing pattern in a part of the brain called the hippocampus. These cells, later called place cells, were found to fire when a rat was in a particular place in its envir ...
Dorsal spinal cord stimulation obtunds the capacity of intrathoracic
... power 1401 data acquisition system) and analyzed using the Spike 2 software package (Cambridge Electronics Design). Ganglionic loci were identified from which action potentials with signal-to-noise ratios ⬎ 3:1 could be recorded. The activity generated by individual neuronal somata was identified by ...
... power 1401 data acquisition system) and analyzed using the Spike 2 software package (Cambridge Electronics Design). Ganglionic loci were identified from which action potentials with signal-to-noise ratios ⬎ 3:1 could be recorded. The activity generated by individual neuronal somata was identified by ...
Kandel ch. 43 + Two review papers
... in an excitatory glutaminergic projection (Figure 43-3). The projection from the subthalamic nucleus is the only excitatory intrinsic connection of the basal ganglia; all others are GABA-ergic and inhibitory. The neurons in the two output nuclei discharge tonically at high frequency. When phasic exc ...
... in an excitatory glutaminergic projection (Figure 43-3). The projection from the subthalamic nucleus is the only excitatory intrinsic connection of the basal ganglia; all others are GABA-ergic and inhibitory. The neurons in the two output nuclei discharge tonically at high frequency. When phasic exc ...
Identification of Basolateral Amygdala Projection Cells and
... of BLA interneurons (fast-spiking cells), thought to express parvalbumin and accounting for roughly 50% of BLA interneurons (Mascagni and McDonald 2003), have a comparatively more depolarized membrane potential, are often spontaneously active at rest, and generate trains of short-duration spikes tha ...
... of BLA interneurons (fast-spiking cells), thought to express parvalbumin and accounting for roughly 50% of BLA interneurons (Mascagni and McDonald 2003), have a comparatively more depolarized membrane potential, are often spontaneously active at rest, and generate trains of short-duration spikes tha ...
Chapter 8 The Nervous System
... Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. ...
... Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. ...
Synaptic Transmission 1
... Integrative Mechanisms – Kevin Bender Synaptic Plasticity – Roger Nicoll Neurotransmitter Release/Uptake – Rob Edwards Synaptic Modulation (transmitters acting via metabotropic receptors) – Jennifer Whistler ...
... Integrative Mechanisms – Kevin Bender Synaptic Plasticity – Roger Nicoll Neurotransmitter Release/Uptake – Rob Edwards Synaptic Modulation (transmitters acting via metabotropic receptors) – Jennifer Whistler ...
The Brain and Marijuana - Boston Children`s Hospital
... – Marijuana smoke contained most of the same carcinogenic chemicals as tobacco smoke – Amount of tar generated was the same ...
... – Marijuana smoke contained most of the same carcinogenic chemicals as tobacco smoke – Amount of tar generated was the same ...
Cells of the Nervous System
... Communication Between Neurons Postsynaptic Potentials Postsynaptic potentials can be either depolarizing (excitatory) or hyperpolarizing (inhibitory). What determines the nature of the postsynaptic potential at a particular synapse is not the neurotransmitter itself. Instead, it is determined by th ...
... Communication Between Neurons Postsynaptic Potentials Postsynaptic potentials can be either depolarizing (excitatory) or hyperpolarizing (inhibitory). What determines the nature of the postsynaptic potential at a particular synapse is not the neurotransmitter itself. Instead, it is determined by th ...
Dopamine in Schizophrenia
... A. The Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a major mental disorder with about 0.85%–1% lifetime prevalence world wide (Jablensky et al. 1992). The course of schizophrenia is characterized by the onset of clinical symptoms after puberty and a high symptom heterogeneity. Schizophreni ...
... A. The Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a major mental disorder with about 0.85%–1% lifetime prevalence world wide (Jablensky et al. 1992). The course of schizophrenia is characterized by the onset of clinical symptoms after puberty and a high symptom heterogeneity. Schizophreni ...
New Insights on Neural Basis of Choice
... (particularly from the ventral striatum); parietal cortex, insula and the amygdala (Ongur & Price, 2000; Price, 2007). Similarly, there are efferent projections originating from the OFC to very broad range of brain regions including the amygdala (Barbas, 2007), ventral tegmental area, ventral striat ...
... (particularly from the ventral striatum); parietal cortex, insula and the amygdala (Ongur & Price, 2000; Price, 2007). Similarly, there are efferent projections originating from the OFC to very broad range of brain regions including the amygdala (Barbas, 2007), ventral tegmental area, ventral striat ...
Two-Photon Targeted Patching and Electroporation In Vivo
... the formation of a high-resistance seal between pipette and membrane ensures stable recordings for prolonged periods and is an approach that can even be used in awake, head-fixed, or behaving animals (Margrie et al. 2002; Lee et al. 2006). However, “blind” (i.e., nontargeted) recordings suffer from t ...
... the formation of a high-resistance seal between pipette and membrane ensures stable recordings for prolonged periods and is an approach that can even be used in awake, head-fixed, or behaving animals (Margrie et al. 2002; Lee et al. 2006). However, “blind” (i.e., nontargeted) recordings suffer from t ...
Contextual Modulation of Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Neurons
... (SNr) are known to encode saccadic eye movements within some, but not all, behavioral contexts. However, the precise contextual factors that effect the modulations of nigral activity are still uncertain. To further examine the effect of behavioral context on the SNr, we recorded the activity of 72 n ...
... (SNr) are known to encode saccadic eye movements within some, but not all, behavioral contexts. However, the precise contextual factors that effect the modulations of nigral activity are still uncertain. To further examine the effect of behavioral context on the SNr, we recorded the activity of 72 n ...
Short-Lasting Classical Conditioning Induces
... the "trained" row B of whiskers and the control row B, unstimulated during the behavioral training, on the other side of the snout. We previously ascertained (Chmielowska et al., 1986; Kossut et al., 1988) that there were no ipsilateral changes of 2DG uptake produced by unilateral whisker stimulatio ...
... the "trained" row B of whiskers and the control row B, unstimulated during the behavioral training, on the other side of the snout. We previously ascertained (Chmielowska et al., 1986; Kossut et al., 1988) that there were no ipsilateral changes of 2DG uptake produced by unilateral whisker stimulatio ...
Structure of Receptive Fields in Area 3b of Primary Somatosensory
... hemispheres using standard techniques (Phillips et al., 1988; Mountcastle et al., 1991). On each recording day, a multielectrode microdrive (Mountcastle et al., 1991) was loaded with seven quartz-coated platinum /tungsten (90/10) electrodes (diameter, 80 mm; tip diameter, 4 mm; and impedance, 1–5 MV ...
... hemispheres using standard techniques (Phillips et al., 1988; Mountcastle et al., 1991). On each recording day, a multielectrode microdrive (Mountcastle et al., 1991) was loaded with seven quartz-coated platinum /tungsten (90/10) electrodes (diameter, 80 mm; tip diameter, 4 mm; and impedance, 1–5 MV ...
ficient mice: Distinct effects in Finnish variant late infantile NCL
... models of NCL share several common pathological similarities, including selective loss of GABAergic interneuron subpopulations, cortical and thalamic atrophy and pronounced early gliosis (reviewed in Mitchison et al., 2004; Cooper et al., 2006). More detailed pathological analyses of mouse models of ...
... models of NCL share several common pathological similarities, including selective loss of GABAergic interneuron subpopulations, cortical and thalamic atrophy and pronounced early gliosis (reviewed in Mitchison et al., 2004; Cooper et al., 2006). More detailed pathological analyses of mouse models of ...
A Circuit for Detection of Interaural Time Differences in the Brain
... as described above. Each penetration was marked on a drawing of the floor of the fourth ventricle, using the distinctive patterns of blood vessels as a guide to the approximate mediolateral position and best frequency of the underlying nucleus laminaris. The dorsal surface of the nucleus magnocellul ...
... as described above. Each penetration was marked on a drawing of the floor of the fourth ventricle, using the distinctive patterns of blood vessels as a guide to the approximate mediolateral position and best frequency of the underlying nucleus laminaris. The dorsal surface of the nucleus magnocellul ...
PDF
... It is widely perceived that there is a problem in giving a naturalistic account of mental representation that deals adequately with the issue of meaning, interpretation, or significance (semantic content). It is suggested here that this problem may arise partly from the conflation of two vernacular ...
... It is widely perceived that there is a problem in giving a naturalistic account of mental representation that deals adequately with the issue of meaning, interpretation, or significance (semantic content). It is suggested here that this problem may arise partly from the conflation of two vernacular ...
Probing forebrain to hindbrain circuit functions in
... F I G U R E 3 Initiation and production of vocal motor patterns in X. laevis. (a) The ex vivo brain (Figure 1a) now viewed from the side and illustrating subdivisions (hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain) that include neural circuits participating in initiation of vocal patterns. In an adult male bra ...
... F I G U R E 3 Initiation and production of vocal motor patterns in X. laevis. (a) The ex vivo brain (Figure 1a) now viewed from the side and illustrating subdivisions (hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain) that include neural circuits participating in initiation of vocal patterns. In an adult male bra ...
7 Ghrelin signalling
... compounds that caused the immediate secretion of growth hormone (GH) from the somatotrophic cells of the anterior pituitary. These compounds were developed as potential medicaments aiming to restore body growth (by boosting the production of GH). The orphan receptor, lacking a physiological ligand, ...
... compounds that caused the immediate secretion of growth hormone (GH) from the somatotrophic cells of the anterior pituitary. These compounds were developed as potential medicaments aiming to restore body growth (by boosting the production of GH). The orphan receptor, lacking a physiological ligand, ...
- Wiley Online Library
... F I G U R E 3 Initiation and production of vocal motor patterns in X. laevis. (a) The ex vivo brain (Figure 1a) now viewed from the side and illustrating subdivisions (hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain) that include neural circuits participating in initiation of vocal patterns. In an adult male bra ...
... F I G U R E 3 Initiation and production of vocal motor patterns in X. laevis. (a) The ex vivo brain (Figure 1a) now viewed from the side and illustrating subdivisions (hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain) that include neural circuits participating in initiation of vocal patterns. In an adult male bra ...
Probing forebrain to hindbrain circuit functions in Xenopus
... F I G U R E 3 Initiation and production of vocal motor patterns in X. laevis. (a) The ex vivo brain (Figure 1a) now viewed from the side and illustrating subdivisions (hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain) that include neural circuits participating in initiation of vocal patterns. In an adult male bra ...
... F I G U R E 3 Initiation and production of vocal motor patterns in X. laevis. (a) The ex vivo brain (Figure 1a) now viewed from the side and illustrating subdivisions (hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain) that include neural circuits participating in initiation of vocal patterns. In an adult male bra ...
Neurological Principles and Rehabilitation of Action Disorders
... are implemented in tbe brain. Feed-forward control relies on 2 flavors of internal models: forward and inverse. Given the motor command, the forward model predicts the sensory consequence of this command, in effect mimicking the movements of the body in parallel with actual movements. A dramatic exa ...
... are implemented in tbe brain. Feed-forward control relies on 2 flavors of internal models: forward and inverse. Given the motor command, the forward model predicts the sensory consequence of this command, in effect mimicking the movements of the body in parallel with actual movements. A dramatic exa ...
An Imperfect Dopaminergic Error Signal Can Drive Temporal
... activity decreases at the time of an expected reward if the reward is omitted [2,3]. This phasic activity has strikingly similar characteristics to the TD error signal [2,4], although other interpretations also exist [5]. Recently, dopamine-dependent prediction errors have also been observed in huma ...
... activity decreases at the time of an expected reward if the reward is omitted [2,3]. This phasic activity has strikingly similar characteristics to the TD error signal [2,4], although other interpretations also exist [5]. Recently, dopamine-dependent prediction errors have also been observed in huma ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.