as a PDF
... referred to as catabolic-effector pathways (9). Both pathways also regulate energy expenditure in ways that complement their effects on energy intake and enhance the overall response to a change in body fat content. Activation of anabolic pathways, for example, increases food intake and decreases en ...
... referred to as catabolic-effector pathways (9). Both pathways also regulate energy expenditure in ways that complement their effects on energy intake and enhance the overall response to a change in body fat content. Activation of anabolic pathways, for example, increases food intake and decreases en ...
Suppression of Neural Responses to Nonoptimal Stimuli Correlates
... Ringach, D. L., C. E. Bredfeldt, R. M. Shapley, and M. J. Hawken. Suppression of neural responses to nonoptimal stimuli correlates with tuning selectivity in macaque V1. J Neurophysiol 87: 1018 –1027, 2002; 10.1152/jn.00614.2001. Neural responses in primary visual cortex (area V1) are selective for ...
... Ringach, D. L., C. E. Bredfeldt, R. M. Shapley, and M. J. Hawken. Suppression of neural responses to nonoptimal stimuli correlates with tuning selectivity in macaque V1. J Neurophysiol 87: 1018 –1027, 2002; 10.1152/jn.00614.2001. Neural responses in primary visual cortex (area V1) are selective for ...
Neuroscience, Fifth Edition
... ATP and Other Purines 131 Peptide Neurotransmitters 132 Unconventional Neurotransmitters 135 BOX 6G MARIJUANA AND THE BRAIN 137 ...
... ATP and Other Purines 131 Peptide Neurotransmitters 132 Unconventional Neurotransmitters 135 BOX 6G MARIJUANA AND THE BRAIN 137 ...
Deep Learning Overview
... Each hidden unit will connect to only a small contiguous region of pixels in the input. This idea of having locally connected networks also draws inspiration from how the early visual system is wired up in biology. Specifically, neurons in the visual cortex have localized receptive fields (i.e., ...
... Each hidden unit will connect to only a small contiguous region of pixels in the input. This idea of having locally connected networks also draws inspiration from how the early visual system is wired up in biology. Specifically, neurons in the visual cortex have localized receptive fields (i.e., ...
How Does the Brain Produce Movement?
... forms the motor cortex that the cup is now being held. Other regions of the brain also participate in controlling the movement, such as the basal ganglia, which help to produce the appropriate amount of force, and the cerebellum, which helps to regulate timing and corrects any errors in movement. Al ...
... forms the motor cortex that the cup is now being held. Other regions of the brain also participate in controlling the movement, such as the basal ganglia, which help to produce the appropriate amount of force, and the cerebellum, which helps to regulate timing and corrects any errors in movement. Al ...
Category-specific Conceptual Processing of
... and frontal slices of an average brain are displayed from top left to bottom right. The diagram at the bottom left gives semantic ratings (and their standard errors) for color and form words; ratings of semantic relatedness to general visual information, form information and color information are gi ...
... and frontal slices of an average brain are displayed from top left to bottom right. The diagram at the bottom left gives semantic ratings (and their standard errors) for color and form words; ratings of semantic relatedness to general visual information, form information and color information are gi ...
Schwartz
... and spatial frequency maps were severely disturbed in the region of the focus but were unaltered in the surrounding cortex. Thus, optical imaging of intrinsic signals can be used to simultaneously map epilepsy and normal functional anatomy with high spatial resolution. ...
... and spatial frequency maps were severely disturbed in the region of the focus but were unaltered in the surrounding cortex. Thus, optical imaging of intrinsic signals can be used to simultaneously map epilepsy and normal functional anatomy with high spatial resolution. ...
Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels
... http://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2013/09/08/the-centrality-of-ca2-signaling-andcytoskeleton-involving-calmodulin-kinases-and-ryanodine-receptors-in-cardiac-failure-arterialsmooth-muscle-post-ischemic-arrhythmia-similarities-and-differen/ ...
... http://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2013/09/08/the-centrality-of-ca2-signaling-andcytoskeleton-involving-calmodulin-kinases-and-ryanodine-receptors-in-cardiac-failure-arterialsmooth-muscle-post-ischemic-arrhythmia-similarities-and-differen/ ...
The Neurology of Music for Post-Traumatic-Stress
... experienced prolonged, multiple traumas, or who have poor verbal memory (remembering words). There needs to be another option for the small, but significant, number of people who are not helped with CBT. ...
... experienced prolonged, multiple traumas, or who have poor verbal memory (remembering words). There needs to be another option for the small, but significant, number of people who are not helped with CBT. ...
What insights can fMRI offer into the structure and function of mid-tier visual areas?
... Inferring neural responses from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data is challenging. Even if we take advantage of high-field systems to acquire data with submillimeter resolution, we are still acquiring data in which a single datum summarizes the responses of tens of thousands of neuron ...
... Inferring neural responses from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data is challenging. Even if we take advantage of high-field systems to acquire data with submillimeter resolution, we are still acquiring data in which a single datum summarizes the responses of tens of thousands of neuron ...
The Organization of Behavioral Repertoire in Motor Cortex
... circuitry? One potential risk in studying complex actions is that it might hinder a mechanistic or reductionist understanding of movement control. Traditionally, motor control is studied by examining simple components of movements. This review, however, argues that much greater insight can be gained ...
... circuitry? One potential risk in studying complex actions is that it might hinder a mechanistic or reductionist understanding of movement control. Traditionally, motor control is studied by examining simple components of movements. This review, however, argues that much greater insight can be gained ...
Spatial organization of thalamocortical and corticothalamic
... provided evidence that each barrel is the morphological correlate of a single functional column that extends throughout the thickness of the cortex (Woolsey and Van der Loos, '70). One function of a cortical column is the integration of information arising from the array of whiskers on the face (see ...
... provided evidence that each barrel is the morphological correlate of a single functional column that extends throughout the thickness of the cortex (Woolsey and Van der Loos, '70). One function of a cortical column is the integration of information arising from the array of whiskers on the face (see ...
CORTICAL PLASTICITY: From Synapses to Maps
... was described in hippocampal CA1 neurons. When presynaptic input from CA3 axons was paired with postsynaptic depolarization, the amplitude of the EPSPs was enhanced. This enhancement was long-lasting and is referred to as LTP (Kelso et al 1986, Malinow & Miller 1986, Sastry et al 1986, Wigström et ...
... was described in hippocampal CA1 neurons. When presynaptic input from CA3 axons was paired with postsynaptic depolarization, the amplitude of the EPSPs was enhanced. This enhancement was long-lasting and is referred to as LTP (Kelso et al 1986, Malinow & Miller 1986, Sastry et al 1986, Wigström et ...
Krasnow Institute for Advanced Studies -- George
... [email protected] Krasnow Institute for Advanced Studies -- George Mason University ...
... [email protected] Krasnow Institute for Advanced Studies -- George Mason University ...
Neurophysiology/special senses/smell and taste Lect. Dr. Zahid M
... ■ Describe the location and cellular composition of taste buds. ■ Name the five major taste receptors and signal transduction mechanisms in these receptors. ■ Outline the pathways by which impulses generated in taste receptors reach the insular cortex. Introduction Smell (olfaction) and taste (gusta ...
... ■ Describe the location and cellular composition of taste buds. ■ Name the five major taste receptors and signal transduction mechanisms in these receptors. ■ Outline the pathways by which impulses generated in taste receptors reach the insular cortex. Introduction Smell (olfaction) and taste (gusta ...
Assembly and Function of Spinal Circuits for Motor Control
... region. Unique TF markers, some of which are illustrated, further distinguish the 11 postmitotic groups. (b) The four principal ventral interneuron classes further differentiate into more diverse subclasses, each expressing unique TFs. (c) Opposing concentration gradients of RA and FGF elicit expres ...
... region. Unique TF markers, some of which are illustrated, further distinguish the 11 postmitotic groups. (b) The four principal ventral interneuron classes further differentiate into more diverse subclasses, each expressing unique TFs. (c) Opposing concentration gradients of RA and FGF elicit expres ...
an integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function
... them. They provide bias signals throughout much of the rest of the brain, affecting not only visual processes but also other sensory modalities, as well as systems responsible for response execution, memory retrieval, emotional evaluation, etc. The aggregate effect of these bias signals is to guide ...
... them. They provide bias signals throughout much of the rest of the brain, affecting not only visual processes but also other sensory modalities, as well as systems responsible for response execution, memory retrieval, emotional evaluation, etc. The aggregate effect of these bias signals is to guide ...
Wang et al 2photon calcium imaging of odor in fly brain cell 2003
... different flies. Patterns of glomerular activity are similar upon imaging of sensory and projection neurons, suggesting the faithful transmission of sensory input to higher brain centers. Finally, we demonstrate that the response pattern of a given glomerulus is a function of the specificity of a si ...
... different flies. Patterns of glomerular activity are similar upon imaging of sensory and projection neurons, suggesting the faithful transmission of sensory input to higher brain centers. Finally, we demonstrate that the response pattern of a given glomerulus is a function of the specificity of a si ...
The Motor System of the Cortex and the Brain Stem
... There are two major types of motor neurons. α motor neurons innervate large, extrafusal muscle fibers that generate force. γ motor neurons innervate intrafusal muscle fibers that house the muscle’s sensory system. Force of contraction depends on rate of simulation Slide 14. In response to a single i ...
... There are two major types of motor neurons. α motor neurons innervate large, extrafusal muscle fibers that generate force. γ motor neurons innervate intrafusal muscle fibers that house the muscle’s sensory system. Force of contraction depends on rate of simulation Slide 14. In response to a single i ...
Spinal Cord Injury - Deranged Physiology
... Changes associated with loss of reflex activity: Loss of somatic reflexes leads to loss of deep tendon reflexes and a flaccid paralysis of the affected limbs (lower limbs in paraplegics and upper and lower limbs in tetraplegics). Loss of reflex activity in viscera so that the bladder and bowel lose ...
... Changes associated with loss of reflex activity: Loss of somatic reflexes leads to loss of deep tendon reflexes and a flaccid paralysis of the affected limbs (lower limbs in paraplegics and upper and lower limbs in tetraplegics). Loss of reflex activity in viscera so that the bladder and bowel lose ...
Zoology 242 Anatomy of Nervous systems Lecture 8
... Autonomic Nervous System • 3 major divisions described by John Langley (18521925). – Enteric – Parasympathetic – Sympathetic ...
... Autonomic Nervous System • 3 major divisions described by John Langley (18521925). – Enteric – Parasympathetic – Sympathetic ...
J. Comp. Physiol. A
... Stumpner 1998). The ascending neuron 1 (AN1) receives frequency-dependent inhibitions at low (<10 kHz) and high (>20 kHz) frequencies, which are seen as clear inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) (Stumpner 1997) and are eliminated following application of picrotoxin (PTX, Stumpner 1998), a com ...
... Stumpner 1998). The ascending neuron 1 (AN1) receives frequency-dependent inhibitions at low (<10 kHz) and high (>20 kHz) frequencies, which are seen as clear inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) (Stumpner 1997) and are eliminated following application of picrotoxin (PTX, Stumpner 1998), a com ...
a few sensory concepts, 100416
... Sensory receptors that are separate cells produce receptor potentials that trigger the release of a neurotransmitter at their synapses with firstorder neurons. ...
... Sensory receptors that are separate cells produce receptor potentials that trigger the release of a neurotransmitter at their synapses with firstorder neurons. ...
Depolarization stimulates lamellipodia formation and
... Electric activity is known to have profound effects on growth cone morphology and neurite outgrowth, but the nature of the response varies strongly between neurons derived from different species or brain areas. To establish the role of electric activity in neurite outgrowth and neuronal morphogenesi ...
... Electric activity is known to have profound effects on growth cone morphology and neurite outgrowth, but the nature of the response varies strongly between neurons derived from different species or brain areas. To establish the role of electric activity in neurite outgrowth and neuronal morphogenesi ...
ap psych 2012 unit 3a and 3b
... ____ 31. To identify which specific brain areas are most active during a particular mental task, researchers would be most likely to make use of a(n) a. fMRI. b. hemispherectomy. c. ACh agonist. d. brain lesion. e. MRI. ____ 32. Transferring messages from a motor neuron to a leg muscle requires the ...
... ____ 31. To identify which specific brain areas are most active during a particular mental task, researchers would be most likely to make use of a(n) a. fMRI. b. hemispherectomy. c. ACh agonist. d. brain lesion. e. MRI. ____ 32. Transferring messages from a motor neuron to a leg muscle requires the ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.