themes - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
... on smooth muscle by releasing ATP, NO, and VIP. The synaptic transmission between the preganglionic cholinergic neurons and the postganglionic neurons involves nicotinic as well as muscarinic receptors. The vagal influence on the motor activity of gastrointestinal viscera is dependent on the organ’s ...
... on smooth muscle by releasing ATP, NO, and VIP. The synaptic transmission between the preganglionic cholinergic neurons and the postganglionic neurons involves nicotinic as well as muscarinic receptors. The vagal influence on the motor activity of gastrointestinal viscera is dependent on the organ’s ...
PDF - Department of Neurobiology and Behavior
... ⫾200 ms around syllable onset (or offset). The timing of the rate change relative to the syllable onset (or offset) was computed as the time of maximal rate change above (for rate increases) or below (for rate decreases) the baseline rate. To construct population rate histograms (as in Fig. 2D), his ...
... ⫾200 ms around syllable onset (or offset). The timing of the rate change relative to the syllable onset (or offset) was computed as the time of maximal rate change above (for rate increases) or below (for rate decreases) the baseline rate. To construct population rate histograms (as in Fig. 2D), his ...
Lorazepam dose-dependently decreases risk-taking
... human norm, i.e., individuals when making a decision are more strongly influenced by the potential of losses associated with an action than by the potential of gains. In other words, from a normative perspective, individuals tend to be riskaverse. Thus, it is important to understand maladaptive (exc ...
... human norm, i.e., individuals when making a decision are more strongly influenced by the potential of losses associated with an action than by the potential of gains. In other words, from a normative perspective, individuals tend to be riskaverse. Thus, it is important to understand maladaptive (exc ...
The Optic Tectum of Birds - Department of Psychology
... showing typical injections of fluorescent biotinylated dextran amines (BDA). A retrogradely labelled cell and anterogradely labelled terminals from the red injection can be seen in parvocellular nucleus isthmi (Ipc). The arrowheads in the lower right highlight fibres travelling along the brachium of ...
... showing typical injections of fluorescent biotinylated dextran amines (BDA). A retrogradely labelled cell and anterogradely labelled terminals from the red injection can be seen in parvocellular nucleus isthmi (Ipc). The arrowheads in the lower right highlight fibres travelling along the brachium of ...
DOPAMINE
... neurotransmitter. When dopamine is either elevated or low – we can have focus issues such as not remembering where we put our keys, forgetting what a paragraph said when we just finished reading it or simply daydreaming and not being able to stay on ...
... neurotransmitter. When dopamine is either elevated or low – we can have focus issues such as not remembering where we put our keys, forgetting what a paragraph said when we just finished reading it or simply daydreaming and not being able to stay on ...
Evolution of Specialized Pyramidal Neurons in
... and Koskinas, 1925; von Bonin, 1949; Meyer, 1987]. In contrast to other layer V pyramidal cells, which have a single apical dendritic shaft and dendritic arbors that exit the soma from basal angles, Betz cells possess a greater number of primary dendritic shafts that leave the soma asymmetrically at ...
... and Koskinas, 1925; von Bonin, 1949; Meyer, 1987]. In contrast to other layer V pyramidal cells, which have a single apical dendritic shaft and dendritic arbors that exit the soma from basal angles, Betz cells possess a greater number of primary dendritic shafts that leave the soma asymmetrically at ...
high-speed in vivo calcium imaging reveals neuronal network
... In vivo two-photon imaging using acousto-optic scanners Our first goal was to design an AOD-based two-photon microscope suitable for in vivo application. We custom-built a microscope setup that uses a pair of crossed AODs for two-dimensional deflection of the laser beam (Fig. 1a). A critical issue i ...
... In vivo two-photon imaging using acousto-optic scanners Our first goal was to design an AOD-based two-photon microscope suitable for in vivo application. We custom-built a microscope setup that uses a pair of crossed AODs for two-dimensional deflection of the laser beam (Fig. 1a). A critical issue i ...
Formation of Complement Membrane Attack Complex in Mammalian
... the deposition of immune complexes in normal tissue. This complex system can be activated by diverse mechanisms proceeding through distinct pathways, yet all converge on a final common pathway in which five proteins assemble into a multimolecular complex, the membrane attack complex (MAC). The MAC i ...
... the deposition of immune complexes in normal tissue. This complex system can be activated by diverse mechanisms proceeding through distinct pathways, yet all converge on a final common pathway in which five proteins assemble into a multimolecular complex, the membrane attack complex (MAC). The MAC i ...
Working Memory in the Prefrontal Cortex
... itself, its shape, or its color, during a delay period. In the delayed-response task using monkeys, first, the reward is placed in one of two food wells. Next, the food wells are covered with identical opaque plates so that the subject cannot see where the reward is hidden. After a delay period of s ...
... itself, its shape, or its color, during a delay period. In the delayed-response task using monkeys, first, the reward is placed in one of two food wells. Next, the food wells are covered with identical opaque plates so that the subject cannot see where the reward is hidden. After a delay period of s ...
Pathophysiology of Paresthesia
... intense and annoying paresthesia is due to a multiple symmetric peripheral neuropathy (polyneuropathy). Dysesthesia or allodynia is the term for abnormal sensations ordinarily evoked by a non- noxious stimuli. Paresthesias may be transient (following a prolonged crossing of patients leg) and not ass ...
... intense and annoying paresthesia is due to a multiple symmetric peripheral neuropathy (polyneuropathy). Dysesthesia or allodynia is the term for abnormal sensations ordinarily evoked by a non- noxious stimuli. Paresthesias may be transient (following a prolonged crossing of patients leg) and not ass ...
Glycemic State Regulates Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
... During a time when role models seem to become rarer and rarer, I‟ve had the privilege of learning from one of the best, Professor Alastair Ferguson. Thank you Al, not only for ironing out the rough edges of my research every step of the way, but also for teaching me the importance of balance in my l ...
... During a time when role models seem to become rarer and rarer, I‟ve had the privilege of learning from one of the best, Professor Alastair Ferguson. Thank you Al, not only for ironing out the rough edges of my research every step of the way, but also for teaching me the importance of balance in my l ...
Specific Projection of the Sensory Crypt Cells in
... mitral cells whose axons make up the lMOT. This finding is in accordance with our previous studies showing that microvillous ORNs project to the lateral olfactory tract, which mediates feeding behavior, and that ciliated ORNs project to the medial bundle of the medial olfactory tract mediating alarm ...
... mitral cells whose axons make up the lMOT. This finding is in accordance with our previous studies showing that microvillous ORNs project to the lateral olfactory tract, which mediates feeding behavior, and that ciliated ORNs project to the medial bundle of the medial olfactory tract mediating alarm ...
Age-Related Uptake of Heavy Metals in Human Spinal Interneurons
... In eight individuals aged between 61 and 95 years (33% of people in this age range) AMGHM staining was present in the cytoplasm of spinal interneurons (Table 1). AMGHM interneurons were situated between, or within, groups of α-motoneurons (Figs 1 and 2). The number of AMGHM interneurons per section ...
... In eight individuals aged between 61 and 95 years (33% of people in this age range) AMGHM staining was present in the cytoplasm of spinal interneurons (Table 1). AMGHM interneurons were situated between, or within, groups of α-motoneurons (Figs 1 and 2). The number of AMGHM interneurons per section ...
Mitochondrial diseases affecting nervous system and muscle
... Respiratory chain proteins are synthesized from two different genomes: mtDNA and nDNA •mtDNA encodes 13 respiratory chain polypeptides, 2 rRNAs and 22 tRNAs •nDNA encodes the majority of respiratory chain polipeptides Transport of cytosolic proteins and their assembly with mitochondrial-encoded prot ...
... Respiratory chain proteins are synthesized from two different genomes: mtDNA and nDNA •mtDNA encodes 13 respiratory chain polypeptides, 2 rRNAs and 22 tRNAs •nDNA encodes the majority of respiratory chain polipeptides Transport of cytosolic proteins and their assembly with mitochondrial-encoded prot ...
Psychology 381
... Response Fatigue • Due to use neurons or muscle fibers no longer functioning optimally or at all • Habituation is stimulus specific, response fatigue is not ...
... Response Fatigue • Due to use neurons or muscle fibers no longer functioning optimally or at all • Habituation is stimulus specific, response fatigue is not ...
Feedforward and feedback frequency
... level of description, we simulate each laminar subcircuit with a nonlinear firing rate model, of the Wilson-Cowan type (see Materials and Methods), which represents the mean activities of a population of excitatory neurons and a population of inhibitory neurons. The local circuits of the supra- and ...
... level of description, we simulate each laminar subcircuit with a nonlinear firing rate model, of the Wilson-Cowan type (see Materials and Methods), which represents the mean activities of a population of excitatory neurons and a population of inhibitory neurons. The local circuits of the supra- and ...
Formation of a full complement of cranial proprioceptors requires
... among different masticatory muscles, suggesting that NT3 and BDNF support separate subpopulations of spindles and their proprioceptive afferents. To explore this issue further, we compared the number of spindles in NT3-/-;BDNF-/- double gene mutants with numbers of spindles in NT3-/- and BDNF-/- sin ...
... among different masticatory muscles, suggesting that NT3 and BDNF support separate subpopulations of spindles and their proprioceptive afferents. To explore this issue further, we compared the number of spindles in NT3-/-;BDNF-/- double gene mutants with numbers of spindles in NT3-/- and BDNF-/- sin ...
cerebral cortex - CM
... The Spinal Cord • Spinal cord – composed primarily of nervous tissue; responsible for both relaying and processing information; less anatomically complex than brain but still vitally important to normal nervous system function; two primary roles: • Serves as a relay station and as an intermediate p ...
... The Spinal Cord • Spinal cord – composed primarily of nervous tissue; responsible for both relaying and processing information; less anatomically complex than brain but still vitally important to normal nervous system function; two primary roles: • Serves as a relay station and as an intermediate p ...
A Taxonomy of the Evolution of Artificial Neural Systems Helmut A
... “intelligence” to computers that until today are believed to operate in a strict mechanistic fashion. In simple words, a computer does exactly what it was programmed to do. Although, there is no consensus on the definition of intelligence, e.g., it may be argued that a conventional chess program bea ...
... “intelligence” to computers that until today are believed to operate in a strict mechanistic fashion. In simple words, a computer does exactly what it was programmed to do. Although, there is no consensus on the definition of intelligence, e.g., it may be argued that a conventional chess program bea ...
Neuromorphic computing
... • Ionic channels allow ions to flow in or out, selectively. • The neuron maintains a potential difference across it membrane via the ionic pumps (expelling Na+ and allowing K+ in). • When no external stimulus is present, we can refer to it as resting potential. ...
... • Ionic channels allow ions to flow in or out, selectively. • The neuron maintains a potential difference across it membrane via the ionic pumps (expelling Na+ and allowing K+ in). • When no external stimulus is present, we can refer to it as resting potential. ...
Can regenerating axons recapitulate developmental
... the neural pathway1,2. Basic fibroblast growth factors (bFGFs) and WNT proteins stimulate differentiation into anterior neural structures, whereas retinoids stimulate posterior neural fates 3–6. In the developing spinal cord, the floor plate and nearby notochord secrete sonic hedgehog (SHH), which s ...
... the neural pathway1,2. Basic fibroblast growth factors (bFGFs) and WNT proteins stimulate differentiation into anterior neural structures, whereas retinoids stimulate posterior neural fates 3–6. In the developing spinal cord, the floor plate and nearby notochord secrete sonic hedgehog (SHH), which s ...
Morphological and F`unctional Identifications of Catfish Retinal
... (4) formation of two one-input experiments and, in addition, the information about the interaction 7Z=0 between the two inputs. In consideration that where {h}, is the set of kernels of degree n. experimental life times are very limited in the Terms of different degrees as well as those that case of ...
... (4) formation of two one-input experiments and, in addition, the information about the interaction 7Z=0 between the two inputs. In consideration that where {h}, is the set of kernels of degree n. experimental life times are very limited in the Terms of different degrees as well as those that case of ...
Age-dependent effect of cholinergic lesion on dendritic morphology
... to be a developmental phenomenon, plasticity extends into adulthood as well, underlying a variety of processes, including learning and memory as well as recovery from injury. While there is evidence that aging brains retain a certain amount of plasticity (e.g. [48]), recent evidence suggests that th ...
... to be a developmental phenomenon, plasticity extends into adulthood as well, underlying a variety of processes, including learning and memory as well as recovery from injury. While there is evidence that aging brains retain a certain amount of plasticity (e.g. [48]), recent evidence suggests that th ...
Reflexes - Sinoe Medical Association
... quadriceps and starts the reflex action – The quadriceps contract and the antagonistic ...
... quadriceps and starts the reflex action – The quadriceps contract and the antagonistic ...
Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord
... • lower motor neuron cell bodies are located in the anterior horns (grey matter), for each segment, their axons form an anterior spinal root, and project to groups of muscles (the myotome) • sensory neurons in a dorsal root enter the spinal cord (the territory of skin innervated by a segment = a der ...
... • lower motor neuron cell bodies are located in the anterior horns (grey matter), for each segment, their axons form an anterior spinal root, and project to groups of muscles (the myotome) • sensory neurons in a dorsal root enter the spinal cord (the territory of skin innervated by a segment = a der ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.