Epileptiform Activity Can Be Initiated in Various Neocortical Layers
... and Wong 1982), cortical neurons with repetitive firing properties might be capable of initiating epileptiform activity. This implies that various neurons from different layers may potentially become initiation cells for epileptiform activity if they possess repetitive and rhythmic firing properties ...
... and Wong 1982), cortical neurons with repetitive firing properties might be capable of initiating epileptiform activity. This implies that various neurons from different layers may potentially become initiation cells for epileptiform activity if they possess repetitive and rhythmic firing properties ...
Document
... accumulated enough information to infer the solution, but had not yet tested it. Repetition-related activity occurred in a regime of memory-based motor performance in which attention to action is less necessary. Several theories suggest that non-routine behaviors (learning, problem solving) involve ...
... accumulated enough information to infer the solution, but had not yet tested it. Repetition-related activity occurred in a regime of memory-based motor performance in which attention to action is less necessary. Several theories suggest that non-routine behaviors (learning, problem solving) involve ...
Experiment HN-6: Hoffman Reflex using the Soleus Muscle
... The Hoffman reflex is studied regularly in sports medicine research because of its changes in response to injuries and various therapies. An example of this is clear in people who have recently sprained their ankle. The very definition of a sprain injury is damage to a ligament, however, ligaments a ...
... The Hoffman reflex is studied regularly in sports medicine research because of its changes in response to injuries and various therapies. An example of this is clear in people who have recently sprained their ankle. The very definition of a sprain injury is damage to a ligament, however, ligaments a ...
State dependent activity in monkey visual cortex
... collected from one V4 neuron while the animal performed about 150 trials of the tactile-visual match. Although most trials consisted of several stimuli presented one after another, in Fig. 2 and subsequent figures the trials have been broken apart so that each stimulus presentation and the following ...
... collected from one V4 neuron while the animal performed about 150 trials of the tactile-visual match. Although most trials consisted of several stimuli presented one after another, in Fig. 2 and subsequent figures the trials have been broken apart so that each stimulus presentation and the following ...
Transcripts/2_4 1
... accessory optic system) can mediate some reflexive behaviors. Sometimes if you do it right, people can do some very simple visually guided tasks like say when they think a light is flashing, but it is in the absence of conscious perception. c. The bottom line is: if you take out the LGN-cortical sys ...
... accessory optic system) can mediate some reflexive behaviors. Sometimes if you do it right, people can do some very simple visually guided tasks like say when they think a light is flashing, but it is in the absence of conscious perception. c. The bottom line is: if you take out the LGN-cortical sys ...
1) Answers: (a), (b), and (d)
... 45) Answer: True. Animals will work to obtain activation of the lateral hypothalamic neurons. It therefore seems likely that it is the stimulation of these brain regions by the consumption of food in the natural state that makes food psychologically rewarding. 46) Answer: (c). Taste signals provide ...
... 45) Answer: True. Animals will work to obtain activation of the lateral hypothalamic neurons. It therefore seems likely that it is the stimulation of these brain regions by the consumption of food in the natural state that makes food psychologically rewarding. 46) Answer: (c). Taste signals provide ...
Models of Information Processing in the Visual Cortex
... As established in previous section, we concentrate more on models of phenomena to understand how the visual system works, instead of models of data that are trying to be biologically accurate. We do so, because science is yet to provide a full understanding of the brain, thus it is not possible to p ...
... As established in previous section, we concentrate more on models of phenomena to understand how the visual system works, instead of models of data that are trying to be biologically accurate. We do so, because science is yet to provide a full understanding of the brain, thus it is not possible to p ...
Olfactory maps, circuits and computations
... an ‘unrolled’ olfactory bulb might organize olfactory information (i.e. inputs to single glomeruli) into a two-dimensional map that represents features of olfactory space. The unusual anatomy of the olfactory bulb therefore potentially reconciles the idea that olfactory space is discrete (via molecu ...
... an ‘unrolled’ olfactory bulb might organize olfactory information (i.e. inputs to single glomeruli) into a two-dimensional map that represents features of olfactory space. The unusual anatomy of the olfactory bulb therefore potentially reconciles the idea that olfactory space is discrete (via molecu ...
Commentaries on Viewpoint: A role for the prefrontal cortex in
... a response” during cognitive tasks and more moderate exercise, it probably does not do so during peak sporting performance. For instance, crucial as PFC “task response selection” is for Stroop Task performance, it would be a liability when hitting a match winning serve at Wimbledon. Instead the PFC ...
... a response” during cognitive tasks and more moderate exercise, it probably does not do so during peak sporting performance. For instance, crucial as PFC “task response selection” is for Stroop Task performance, it would be a liability when hitting a match winning serve at Wimbledon. Instead the PFC ...
Human Physiology
... for acquiring new memories And consolidating short- into long-term memory Amygdala is crucial for fear memories Storage of memory is in cerebral hemispheres Higher order processing and planning occur in prefrontal cortex ...
... for acquiring new memories And consolidating short- into long-term memory Amygdala is crucial for fear memories Storage of memory is in cerebral hemispheres Higher order processing and planning occur in prefrontal cortex ...
Pyrokinin/PBAN-like peptides in the central nervous system of
... relative humidity) with a 16:8 hour photoperiod. Larvae were fed ground TetraminTM and adults were fed 10% sucrose. A. aegypti (Liverpool) were started from a colony at the University of Wisconsin Madison in 2005 which was originally obtained from the University of London in 1977. Aedes triseriatus ...
... relative humidity) with a 16:8 hour photoperiod. Larvae were fed ground TetraminTM and adults were fed 10% sucrose. A. aegypti (Liverpool) were started from a colony at the University of Wisconsin Madison in 2005 which was originally obtained from the University of London in 1977. Aedes triseriatus ...
The Integrative Action of the Autonomic Nervous System
... resources, but instead he undertook a most detailed analysis of the distinctive behavior of skin and muscle sympathetic vasoconstrictor axons. These results provided evidence that strongly rejected popular ideas that a general level of ‘‘sympathetic tone’’ was the determinant of peripheral vascular ...
... resources, but instead he undertook a most detailed analysis of the distinctive behavior of skin and muscle sympathetic vasoconstrictor axons. These results provided evidence that strongly rejected popular ideas that a general level of ‘‘sympathetic tone’’ was the determinant of peripheral vascular ...
ORGANIZATION OF CORTICAL AFFERENTS TO THE FRONTAL
... 3). In this case, a large injection was placed in the dorsal FAC zone, involving mainly the caudal prefrontal and partly the premotor cortices. A high concentration of reaction product was found on the dorsolateral surface of the caudal proreal gyrus (PR), the central precruciate area (XC) and a pa ...
... 3). In this case, a large injection was placed in the dorsal FAC zone, involving mainly the caudal prefrontal and partly the premotor cortices. A high concentration of reaction product was found on the dorsolateral surface of the caudal proreal gyrus (PR), the central precruciate area (XC) and a pa ...
Structure and Function in the Inferior Olivary Nucleus
... Abstract The inferior olivary nucleus is the source of the climbing fibres, one of the two major afferent pathways into the cerebellum. This thesis is concerned with aspects of the cel ...
... Abstract The inferior olivary nucleus is the source of the climbing fibres, one of the two major afferent pathways into the cerebellum. This thesis is concerned with aspects of the cel ...
Responses of single neurons in the human brain during flash
... psychophysical investigations have shown that our percepts can be dissociated from the incoming visual signal. The mechanisms of neuronal coding for conscious perception, as well as the whereabouts of the representation of percepts along the visual pathway, remain unclear. Assuming a hierarchical st ...
... psychophysical investigations have shown that our percepts can be dissociated from the incoming visual signal. The mechanisms of neuronal coding for conscious perception, as well as the whereabouts of the representation of percepts along the visual pathway, remain unclear. Assuming a hierarchical st ...
Neural substrates for expectation-modulated fear learning in
... A form of aversively motivated learning called fear conditioning occurs when a neutral conditioned stimulus is paired with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (UCS). UCS-evoked depolarization of amygdala neurons may instruct Hebbian plasticity that stores memories of the conditioned stimulus–uncondit ...
... A form of aversively motivated learning called fear conditioning occurs when a neutral conditioned stimulus is paired with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (UCS). UCS-evoked depolarization of amygdala neurons may instruct Hebbian plasticity that stores memories of the conditioned stimulus–uncondit ...
Title
... Goldman clarifies this distinction by making note of the negative and positive approaches to ST. On the negative approach, any suggestion that mind-reading is theoretical threatens ST. So ST traditionally denies that the attributor makes theoretical inferences. That is, she does not make inferences ...
... Goldman clarifies this distinction by making note of the negative and positive approaches to ST. On the negative approach, any suggestion that mind-reading is theoretical threatens ST. So ST traditionally denies that the attributor makes theoretical inferences. That is, she does not make inferences ...
Expression of ml-m4 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Proteins in
... The m l-m4 receptor immunoreactivities were differentially distributed in the rat hippocampus (Figs. I-4). In general, receptor immunoreactivities were localized in neurons, neuritic processes, and diffusely in the neuropil, although each antibody resulted in a distinct pattern of staining. Neuronal ...
... The m l-m4 receptor immunoreactivities were differentially distributed in the rat hippocampus (Figs. I-4). In general, receptor immunoreactivities were localized in neurons, neuritic processes, and diffusely in the neuropil, although each antibody resulted in a distinct pattern of staining. Neuronal ...
Topography of Visual Cortex Connections with Frontal Eye Field in
... may be a domain in which this issue can be examined effectively because information about both object identity and spatial location must be combined to produce accurate eye movements. During natural viewing, saccades of less than IO” amplitude, which are by far the most common (Bahill et al., 1975), ...
... may be a domain in which this issue can be examined effectively because information about both object identity and spatial location must be combined to produce accurate eye movements. During natural viewing, saccades of less than IO” amplitude, which are by far the most common (Bahill et al., 1975), ...
HB-GAM (pleiotrophin) reverses inhibition of neural
... added in solution with the cells on aggrecan-coated wells, a prominent neurite outgrowth response was observed (Fig. 1c,e). HB-GAM did not act by reducing the amount of aggrecan coated on the substrate (Supplementary Fig. S2a). As an alternative to prepare aggrecan substrates, we used biotin-avidin ...
... added in solution with the cells on aggrecan-coated wells, a prominent neurite outgrowth response was observed (Fig. 1c,e). HB-GAM did not act by reducing the amount of aggrecan coated on the substrate (Supplementary Fig. S2a). As an alternative to prepare aggrecan substrates, we used biotin-avidin ...
Functional Independence of Layer IV Barrels in
... fields encompassing multiple neighboring vibrissae (Armstrong-James et al. 1991; Fox 1994), whereas others have proposed that interactions among neighboring whiskers reflect local, intrabarrel processing of multiwhisker thalamic inputs (Simons and Carvell 1989). In both visual and somatosensory cort ...
... fields encompassing multiple neighboring vibrissae (Armstrong-James et al. 1991; Fox 1994), whereas others have proposed that interactions among neighboring whiskers reflect local, intrabarrel processing of multiwhisker thalamic inputs (Simons and Carvell 1989). In both visual and somatosensory cort ...
Mutation of UL24 impedes the dissemination of acute herpes
... Herpes simplex virus 1 (human herpesvirus 1) initially infects epithelial cells of the mucosa and then goes on to infect sensory neurons leading ultimately to a latent infection in trigeminal ganglia (TG). UL24 is a core herpesvirus gene that has been identified as a determinant of pathogenesis in s ...
... Herpes simplex virus 1 (human herpesvirus 1) initially infects epithelial cells of the mucosa and then goes on to infect sensory neurons leading ultimately to a latent infection in trigeminal ganglia (TG). UL24 is a core herpesvirus gene that has been identified as a determinant of pathogenesis in s ...
Running Improves Pattern Separation during Novel Object
... spontaneous behavior, not emotionally biased by positive or negative reinforcement. Here we investigated the effect of voluntary running on pattern separation during novel object recognition in mice using relatively similar or substantially different objects.We show that running increases hippocampa ...
... spontaneous behavior, not emotionally biased by positive or negative reinforcement. Here we investigated the effect of voluntary running on pattern separation during novel object recognition in mice using relatively similar or substantially different objects.We show that running increases hippocampa ...
Mechanisms of Neuronal Computation in Mammalian Visual Cortex
... enough to make it amenable to experimental and theoretical approaches and yet complex enough to represent a significant transformation in the representation of the visual image. As a result, V1 has become an area of choice for studying cortical computation and its underlying mechanisms. Here we cons ...
... enough to make it amenable to experimental and theoretical approaches and yet complex enough to represent a significant transformation in the representation of the visual image. As a result, V1 has become an area of choice for studying cortical computation and its underlying mechanisms. Here we cons ...
Ulanovsky et al., 2003
... interneurons support separate aspects of this adaptive process. Optogenetic inactivation of Sst+ interneurons during tone sequences weakened forward suppression, whereas inactivating Pvalb+ interneurons altered its spectral dependence. Additionally, these interneuron-specific effects on forward supp ...
... interneurons support separate aspects of this adaptive process. Optogenetic inactivation of Sst+ interneurons during tone sequences weakened forward suppression, whereas inactivating Pvalb+ interneurons altered its spectral dependence. Additionally, these interneuron-specific effects on forward supp ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.