The anatomy, physiology and functions of the
... The perirhinal cortex in both monkeys and rats is composed of two cytoarchitectonically distinct areas (areas 35 and 36) originally described by Brodmann [7]. In monkeys, perirhinal areas 35 and 36 form a band of cortex situated lateral to the full extent of the rhinal sulcus (Figure la) [P]. On the ...
... The perirhinal cortex in both monkeys and rats is composed of two cytoarchitectonically distinct areas (areas 35 and 36) originally described by Brodmann [7]. In monkeys, perirhinal areas 35 and 36 form a band of cortex situated lateral to the full extent of the rhinal sulcus (Figure la) [P]. On the ...
Migraine photophobia originating in cone-driven
... light had on the: (i) intensity of their headache; (ii) throbbing; (iii) muscle tenderness; and (iv) cephalic areas affected by the pain. These assessments were made during untreated migraine attacks. Prior to testing, patients were allowed to sit in a dimly lit room for 20 min. The light was then t ...
... light had on the: (i) intensity of their headache; (ii) throbbing; (iii) muscle tenderness; and (iv) cephalic areas affected by the pain. These assessments were made during untreated migraine attacks. Prior to testing, patients were allowed to sit in a dimly lit room for 20 min. The light was then t ...
An overview of reservoir computing: theory, applications and
... rule, this conversion using filtering could be dropped, but as of now, no such readout function has been described. Node types Many different neuron types have already been used in literature: linear nodes, threshold logic gates, hyperbolic tangent or Fermi neurons (with or without an extra leaky in ...
... rule, this conversion using filtering could be dropped, but as of now, no such readout function has been described. Node types Many different neuron types have already been used in literature: linear nodes, threshold logic gates, hyperbolic tangent or Fermi neurons (with or without an extra leaky in ...
Long-term channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) expression
... took two forms: elongated cylinders and large, round, calyxlike structures. Cylinders appeared earliest, were most numerous, and were found in layers 2–6, in the white matter underlying electroporated S1, and within the terminal field of callosally projecting expressing axons in contralateral S1. Th ...
... took two forms: elongated cylinders and large, round, calyxlike structures. Cylinders appeared earliest, were most numerous, and were found in layers 2–6, in the white matter underlying electroporated S1, and within the terminal field of callosally projecting expressing axons in contralateral S1. Th ...
Responses of single neurons in the human brain during flash
... as shown in Figure 12-2D-E2. In those microwires with neuronal recordings (a small fraction of the total as described in (Kreiman, 2002)) we observed an average of 1.72 units per microwire. The information recorded during seizures from the depth electrodes was used to localize the seizure focus (Oje ...
... as shown in Figure 12-2D-E2. In those microwires with neuronal recordings (a small fraction of the total as described in (Kreiman, 2002)) we observed an average of 1.72 units per microwire. The information recorded during seizures from the depth electrodes was used to localize the seizure focus (Oje ...
The cutaneous sensory system Neuroscience and Biobehavioral
... properties of touch. Cutaneous sensory channels can be further classified as serving predominantly either discriminative or affective functions. The former provides information about the spatial and temporal localisation of events on the body surface, e.g., the presence of an insect or the temperatur ...
... properties of touch. Cutaneous sensory channels can be further classified as serving predominantly either discriminative or affective functions. The former provides information about the spatial and temporal localisation of events on the body surface, e.g., the presence of an insect or the temperatur ...
12 - PHSchool.com
... MRI scans reveal blood flow (Figure 12.7). They have shown that specific motor and sensory functions are localized in discrete cortical areas called domains. However, many higher mental functions, such as memory and language, appear to have overlapping domains and are spread over large areas of the ...
... MRI scans reveal blood flow (Figure 12.7). They have shown that specific motor and sensory functions are localized in discrete cortical areas called domains. However, many higher mental functions, such as memory and language, appear to have overlapping domains and are spread over large areas of the ...
The Neuropathology of Huntington`s Disease
... from the SNc (A9 cell group) plus other afferent connections from diverse nuclei such as the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus (Graybiel et al. 1979) and cholinergic and glutamatergic projections from the pedunculopontine nucleus in the midbrain (Mena-Segovia et al. 2004). The main flow of cortical i ...
... from the SNc (A9 cell group) plus other afferent connections from diverse nuclei such as the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus (Graybiel et al. 1979) and cholinergic and glutamatergic projections from the pedunculopontine nucleus in the midbrain (Mena-Segovia et al. 2004). The main flow of cortical i ...
L3-ANS LECTURE Sulta..
... Acetylcholine activates mainly two types of receptors. They are called muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Muscarine activates only muscarinic receptors whereas nicotine activates only nicotinic receptors; acetylcholine activates both of them. Muscarinic receptors are found on all effector cells tha ...
... Acetylcholine activates mainly two types of receptors. They are called muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Muscarine activates only muscarinic receptors whereas nicotine activates only nicotinic receptors; acetylcholine activates both of them. Muscarinic receptors are found on all effector cells tha ...
Reverse engineering the lordosis behavior circuit.
... identification of the brain sites mediating estrogen influences and of the sensory modalities for triggering the behavior, leading to the recognition of the neural circuit that mediates the behavior. Neurophysiological and molecular analyses of this circuit proved that specific biochemical reactions in ...
... identification of the brain sites mediating estrogen influences and of the sensory modalities for triggering the behavior, leading to the recognition of the neural circuit that mediates the behavior. Neurophysiological and molecular analyses of this circuit proved that specific biochemical reactions in ...
the cortical projection of the medial geniculate body
... described as being in such a state that for three or four weeks after the operation it is deaf. It then becomes able to hear, but does not understand what it hears. In the cortical zone immediately above the pseudo-sylvian sulcus Munk placed " tactile awareness " of the ear. Mann (1896) stimulated t ...
... described as being in such a state that for three or four weeks after the operation it is deaf. It then becomes able to hear, but does not understand what it hears. In the cortical zone immediately above the pseudo-sylvian sulcus Munk placed " tactile awareness " of the ear. Mann (1896) stimulated t ...
Biomechanics Models Motor Cortex Using Spinal Cord and Limb
... It should be noted that in our model, MCSs describe the population activity of cortical neurons contributing to the input of motorneuron pools. This population activity is neither an electromyographic (EMG) signal nor does it represent motorneuron activity although it is closely related to them. In ...
... It should be noted that in our model, MCSs describe the population activity of cortical neurons contributing to the input of motorneuron pools. This population activity is neither an electromyographic (EMG) signal nor does it represent motorneuron activity although it is closely related to them. In ...
Saccade-Related Spread of Activity Across Superior Colliculus May
... Targets close to the center of the visual field are represented rostrally in the SC (black circle in Fig. 1B) and targets in the periphery are represented caudally (black triangle). The deeper SC layers contain several different types of neurons that in one classification scheme (Munoz and Wurtz 199 ...
... Targets close to the center of the visual field are represented rostrally in the SC (black circle in Fig. 1B) and targets in the periphery are represented caudally (black triangle). The deeper SC layers contain several different types of neurons that in one classification scheme (Munoz and Wurtz 199 ...
Saccade-Related Spread of Activity Across
... Targets close to the center of the visual field are represented rostrally in the SC (black circle in Fig. 1B) and targets in the periphery are represented caudally (black triangle). The deeper SC layers contain several different types of neurons that in one classification scheme (Munoz and Wurtz 199 ...
... Targets close to the center of the visual field are represented rostrally in the SC (black circle in Fig. 1B) and targets in the periphery are represented caudally (black triangle). The deeper SC layers contain several different types of neurons that in one classification scheme (Munoz and Wurtz 199 ...
From Lesions to Leptin: Review Hypothalamic Control of Food
... hypothalamus–lesioned animals, in fact have hypogonadism. Taken together, these data suggest that leptin is essential for normal functioning of the reproductive system (Barash et al., 1996; Chehab et al., 1996, 1997; Ahima et al., 1997; Cheung et al., 1997a; Montague et al., 1997). These observation ...
... hypothalamus–lesioned animals, in fact have hypogonadism. Taken together, these data suggest that leptin is essential for normal functioning of the reproductive system (Barash et al., 1996; Chehab et al., 1996, 1997; Ahima et al., 1997; Cheung et al., 1997a; Montague et al., 1997). These observation ...
General knowledge about nervous system
... Basal ganglia Basal forebrain Hippocampus Limbic system ...
... Basal ganglia Basal forebrain Hippocampus Limbic system ...
Acetylcholinesterase in central vocal control nuclei of the zebra finch
... other songbirds such as the song sparrow, starling and another genus of the zebra finch (Poephila guttata), and to a certain extent in parallel vocal control regions in vocalizing birds such as the budgerigar. AChE presence in the vocal control system suggests innervation by either afferent projecti ...
... other songbirds such as the song sparrow, starling and another genus of the zebra finch (Poephila guttata), and to a certain extent in parallel vocal control regions in vocalizing birds such as the budgerigar. AChE presence in the vocal control system suggests innervation by either afferent projecti ...
WHAT IS THE MAMMALIAN DENTATE GYRUS GOOD FOR? Alessandro Treves
... In the mammalian hippocampus, the dentate gyrus is characterized by sparse and powerful unidirectional projections to CA3 pyramidal cells, the so-called mossy fibers. The mossy fibers form a distinct type of synapses, rich in Zinc, that appear to duplicate, in terms of the information they convey, w ...
... In the mammalian hippocampus, the dentate gyrus is characterized by sparse and powerful unidirectional projections to CA3 pyramidal cells, the so-called mossy fibers. The mossy fibers form a distinct type of synapses, rich in Zinc, that appear to duplicate, in terms of the information they convey, w ...
Expectancies in decision making, reinforcement
... generate and evaluate potentially rich outcome expectancies. Animal learning studies indicate that expectancies may arise from different sources, including not only forward models but also Pavlovian associations, and the flexibility with which such representations impact behavior may depend on how t ...
... generate and evaluate potentially rich outcome expectancies. Animal learning studies indicate that expectancies may arise from different sources, including not only forward models but also Pavlovian associations, and the flexibility with which such representations impact behavior may depend on how t ...
Molecular Underpinnings of Motor Pattern Generation: Differential
... parental GST protein. When the primary antibody was omitted, none of the structures in the stomatogastric nervous system showed significant staining, except the central core of the stomatogastric nerve (stn) and some non-neuritic elements in the pyloric dilator (PD) nerve (pdn). Preabsorption of ant ...
... parental GST protein. When the primary antibody was omitted, none of the structures in the stomatogastric nervous system showed significant staining, except the central core of the stomatogastric nerve (stn) and some non-neuritic elements in the pyloric dilator (PD) nerve (pdn). Preabsorption of ant ...
Caudate Tracing Guidelines
... and the internal capsule become obscured by interconnections between the caudate and the putamen. The figures below illustrate the striatal cell bridges that exist between the caudate and putamen. In his Neuroanatomy: Text and Atlas, Martin remarks: A coronal slice through the anterior limb of the i ...
... and the internal capsule become obscured by interconnections between the caudate and the putamen. The figures below illustrate the striatal cell bridges that exist between the caudate and putamen. In his Neuroanatomy: Text and Atlas, Martin remarks: A coronal slice through the anterior limb of the i ...
Optophysiological analysis of associational circuits in the olfactory
... of AMPA and NMDA receptor antagonists (CNQX and APV) blocked the inward current to 3.6% (bottom). (D) Results of experiments with various synaptic blockers, with the control responses for each set of experiments set to 100%. PTX refers to picrotoxin. Error bars are SEM. (E) Schematic diagram of the ...
... of AMPA and NMDA receptor antagonists (CNQX and APV) blocked the inward current to 3.6% (bottom). (D) Results of experiments with various synaptic blockers, with the control responses for each set of experiments set to 100%. PTX refers to picrotoxin. Error bars are SEM. (E) Schematic diagram of the ...
Chapter 8 The Nervous System
... polarized—from a slight excess of Na+ on the outside A stimulus triggers the opening of Na+ channels in the plasma membrane of the neuron Inward movement of Na+ depolarizes the membrane by making the inside more positive than the outside at the stimulated point; this depolarization is a nerve impuls ...
... polarized—from a slight excess of Na+ on the outside A stimulus triggers the opening of Na+ channels in the plasma membrane of the neuron Inward movement of Na+ depolarizes the membrane by making the inside more positive than the outside at the stimulated point; this depolarization is a nerve impuls ...
Presumed Apoptosis and Reduced Arcuate Nucleus
... TUNEL+ cells in hypoglycemic brains. A survey of sections through the entire brain showed only 2 areas in which there were cells exhibiting the TUNEL reaction (Fig. 2). The results were similar for animals subjected to either 1 or 3 bouts of hypoglycemia (Table 1) and for those given insulin by intr ...
... TUNEL+ cells in hypoglycemic brains. A survey of sections through the entire brain showed only 2 areas in which there were cells exhibiting the TUNEL reaction (Fig. 2). The results were similar for animals subjected to either 1 or 3 bouts of hypoglycemia (Table 1) and for those given insulin by intr ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... TS) was 51.4 ± 7.2 ms for the first session and 49.2 ± 6.2 ms for the second session. The mean onset latency of IES-induced magnetic fields was 89.5 ± 15.4 ms for the first session and 87.5 ± 10.6 ms for the second session. The mean difference in onset latency between TS and IES was 38.1 ms (ranging fr ...
... TS) was 51.4 ± 7.2 ms for the first session and 49.2 ± 6.2 ms for the second session. The mean onset latency of IES-induced magnetic fields was 89.5 ± 15.4 ms for the first session and 87.5 ± 10.6 ms for the second session. The mean difference in onset latency between TS and IES was 38.1 ms (ranging fr ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.