Brainstem (II)
... projecting fibers are grouped into three bundles - nigrostriatal (mesostriatal) afferents: SNc to caudate nucleus and putamen) - mesolimbic afferents: VTA to limbic structures ex. amygdala and hippocampus - mesocortical afferents: VTA to cerebral cortex (frontal) ...
... projecting fibers are grouped into three bundles - nigrostriatal (mesostriatal) afferents: SNc to caudate nucleus and putamen) - mesolimbic afferents: VTA to limbic structures ex. amygdala and hippocampus - mesocortical afferents: VTA to cerebral cortex (frontal) ...
Hyperstiffness
... • Stroke do not lack muscle power on the affected side weakness post stroke was due to antagonist m. contraction opposing agonist m. activity (bobath). • Decreased agonist activity was associated with inability to perform the tasks; no evidence for excessive antagonist activation was found : post s ...
... • Stroke do not lack muscle power on the affected side weakness post stroke was due to antagonist m. contraction opposing agonist m. activity (bobath). • Decreased agonist activity was associated with inability to perform the tasks; no evidence for excessive antagonist activation was found : post s ...
Laminar Selectivity of the Cholinergic Suppression of Synaptic
... pattern of afferent input, and thereby to regulate its own cholinergic modulation for the appropriate dynamics of learning or recall. This comparison function requires that the Schaffer collaterals have the capacity to perform effective heteroassociative memory function, rather than only to undergo ...
... pattern of afferent input, and thereby to regulate its own cholinergic modulation for the appropriate dynamics of learning or recall. This comparison function requires that the Schaffer collaterals have the capacity to perform effective heteroassociative memory function, rather than only to undergo ...
Single unit and extracellular firing rate recordings in vivo
... known TRH receptors in the majority of TMN neurons. TRH increased the firing rate of most (ca 70%) TMN neurons. This excitation was abolished in the presence of the TRH receptor antagonist chlordiazepoxide (50µM). In the presence of tetrodotoxin TRH depolarized TMN neurons without changing their inp ...
... known TRH receptors in the majority of TMN neurons. TRH increased the firing rate of most (ca 70%) TMN neurons. This excitation was abolished in the presence of the TRH receptor antagonist chlordiazepoxide (50µM). In the presence of tetrodotoxin TRH depolarized TMN neurons without changing their inp ...
Firing characteristics of deep layer neurons in prefrontal cortex in
... Figure 1. Behavioral tasks. (A) Eight-arm radial maze, spatial working memory task. The rat was trained to visit the end of each arm not previously visited on the current trial to obtain chocolate milk reward. To prevent the adoption of sequential visitation strategies, a random set of four arms was ...
... Figure 1. Behavioral tasks. (A) Eight-arm radial maze, spatial working memory task. The rat was trained to visit the end of each arm not previously visited on the current trial to obtain chocolate milk reward. To prevent the adoption of sequential visitation strategies, a random set of four arms was ...
Response characteristics in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN
... Reciprocal inhibition re ects the interaction of ganglion cell inputs with different center response type at LGN cells (see [49]). For example, an Oncenter ganglion cell directly excites an On-center LGN cell and an O -center ganglion cell at the same retinal location inhibits the LGN cell via a loc ...
... Reciprocal inhibition re ects the interaction of ganglion cell inputs with different center response type at LGN cells (see [49]). For example, an Oncenter ganglion cell directly excites an On-center LGN cell and an O -center ganglion cell at the same retinal location inhibits the LGN cell via a loc ...
The projection of the lateral geniculate nucleus to area 17 of the rat
... by Clark (I932) and Waller (I934). Recent electrophysiological studies of the visual system of the rat have demonstrated that the primary visual area has a distinct and precisely arranged retinotopic organization (Montero, Rojas and Torrealba, I973). Furthermore, lesions produced by the recording el ...
... by Clark (I932) and Waller (I934). Recent electrophysiological studies of the visual system of the rat have demonstrated that the primary visual area has a distinct and precisely arranged retinotopic organization (Montero, Rojas and Torrealba, I973). Furthermore, lesions produced by the recording el ...
Neural Control of the Pancreas
... It should also be kept in mind that species differences in the parasympathetic innervation of the pancreas have been reported. In the mouse, parasympathetic axons provide input to both alpha and beta cells, while parasympathetic axons are rare in the human islets (64). The DMV, which contains pregan ...
... It should also be kept in mind that species differences in the parasympathetic innervation of the pancreas have been reported. In the mouse, parasympathetic axons provide input to both alpha and beta cells, while parasympathetic axons are rare in the human islets (64). The DMV, which contains pregan ...
Saccade-related spread of activity across superior colliculus may
... Targets close to the center of the visual field are represented rostrally in the SC (black circle in Fig. 1B) and targets in the periphery are represented caudally (black triangle). The deeper SC layers contain several different types of neurons that in one classification scheme (Munoz and Wurtz 199 ...
... Targets close to the center of the visual field are represented rostrally in the SC (black circle in Fig. 1B) and targets in the periphery are represented caudally (black triangle). The deeper SC layers contain several different types of neurons that in one classification scheme (Munoz and Wurtz 199 ...
Large brains and cognition: Where do elephants fit in?
... binocular overlap and possibly weaker visual resolution than primates (Rensch and Altevogt, 1955). While the tip of the trunk is capable of fine manipulations, one cannot expect analogous vision-dependent behavioral performance in elephants as in chimpanzees with relatively complete binocular overlap ...
... binocular overlap and possibly weaker visual resolution than primates (Rensch and Altevogt, 1955). While the tip of the trunk is capable of fine manipulations, one cannot expect analogous vision-dependent behavioral performance in elephants as in chimpanzees with relatively complete binocular overlap ...
Clinically oriented anatomy of the brainstem
... cause of Parkinson disease is unclear, but it is probably not inherited; the Wallenberg syndrome is a brainstem lesion resulting from a vascular occlusion. ...
... cause of Parkinson disease is unclear, but it is probably not inherited; the Wallenberg syndrome is a brainstem lesion resulting from a vascular occlusion. ...
Time Constants of h Current in Layer II Stellate Cells... along the Dorsal to Ventral Axis of Medial Entorhinal Cortex
... spacing observed in recording data from behaving rats (Burgess et al., 2007; Giocomo et al., 2007; Hasselmo et al., 2007). Subthreshold membrane potential oscillations have been shown to arise from the interaction of membrane currents (White et al., 1995). In layer II of medial entorhinal cortex, th ...
... spacing observed in recording data from behaving rats (Burgess et al., 2007; Giocomo et al., 2007; Hasselmo et al., 2007). Subthreshold membrane potential oscillations have been shown to arise from the interaction of membrane currents (White et al., 1995). In layer II of medial entorhinal cortex, th ...
Horizontal Interactions in Cat Striate Cortex: 1. Anatomical Substrate
... distributed fibres extending maximally over 2.7 mm. Around postnatal day (pnd) ten these connections start to express the patchy pattern characteristic of the adult. Retrogradely stained somata and anterogradely labelled terminals become organized in individual 300 to 350 pm wide clusters with a cen ...
... distributed fibres extending maximally over 2.7 mm. Around postnatal day (pnd) ten these connections start to express the patchy pattern characteristic of the adult. Retrogradely stained somata and anterogradely labelled terminals become organized in individual 300 to 350 pm wide clusters with a cen ...
Reverse pharmacology of orexin
... the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and monoaminergic neurons in the brain stem to maintain arousal. In addition, orexin neurons also appear to act on LDT/PPT cholinergic neurons, because orexin neurons project directly to the PPT/ LDT nuclei and direct injection of orexin-A into the LDT of cats ...
... the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and monoaminergic neurons in the brain stem to maintain arousal. In addition, orexin neurons also appear to act on LDT/PPT cholinergic neurons, because orexin neurons project directly to the PPT/ LDT nuclei and direct injection of orexin-A into the LDT of cats ...
Coupling in Networks of Neuronal Oscillators (Spring 2015)
... The goal of this paper is to determine the timing of a Morris-Lecar model neuron’s oscillations relative to the timing of periodic input. We create a phase model for a single Morris-Lecar model neuron that describes how a coupled neuron moves about its natural cycle in phase space as opposed to expl ...
... The goal of this paper is to determine the timing of a Morris-Lecar model neuron’s oscillations relative to the timing of periodic input. We create a phase model for a single Morris-Lecar model neuron that describes how a coupled neuron moves about its natural cycle in phase space as opposed to expl ...
Ventilatory disorders - Chirurgia toracica mini invasiva
... including the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, amygdala and periaqueductal gray matter of the midbrain play a major role in normal respiratory control during speech, locomotion, and response to stressors including the defence reaction as shown in experimental studies. These neurons are part of a centr ...
... including the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, amygdala and periaqueductal gray matter of the midbrain play a major role in normal respiratory control during speech, locomotion, and response to stressors including the defence reaction as shown in experimental studies. These neurons are part of a centr ...
Zinc Alters Excitatory Amino Acid Neurotoxicity on Cortical Neurons
... dependence,with maximal protective effect at 300 FM (Fig. 7). Even at 300 PM Zn, however, there were still substantial amounts of residualglutamate-induced neuronal injury, in distinction to the near-zero injury seenafter the addition of 300 PM Zn to NMDA (Fig. I), or to the addition of 1 mM D-APV t ...
... dependence,with maximal protective effect at 300 FM (Fig. 7). Even at 300 PM Zn, however, there were still substantial amounts of residualglutamate-induced neuronal injury, in distinction to the near-zero injury seenafter the addition of 300 PM Zn to NMDA (Fig. I), or to the addition of 1 mM D-APV t ...
Retrieval of the diffuse attenuation coefficient Kd(λ)
... Purely empirical method Non-linear inversion Universal approximator of any derivable function Can handle “easily” noise and outliers Taking more spectral information ...
... Purely empirical method Non-linear inversion Universal approximator of any derivable function Can handle “easily” noise and outliers Taking more spectral information ...
The Temporal Profile of 72-kDa Heat
... tially in H,O, 70%, 95%, and 100% EtOH, and xylene, then in lOO%, 95%, and 70% EtOH and H,O for 3 min each. Slides were then placed into a solution of acid fuchsin (Sigma) at 10 mg/ml and 0.1% glacial acetic acid in H,O for 2 min; washed in H,O for 2 min; placed into a solution of cresyl echt violet ...
... tially in H,O, 70%, 95%, and 100% EtOH, and xylene, then in lOO%, 95%, and 70% EtOH and H,O for 3 min each. Slides were then placed into a solution of acid fuchsin (Sigma) at 10 mg/ml and 0.1% glacial acetic acid in H,O for 2 min; washed in H,O for 2 min; placed into a solution of cresyl echt violet ...
Large-scale cognitive model design using the Nengo neural simulator
... ensembles (the default function is identity, i:e: fðxÞ ¼ x). Fig. 3 demonstrates two ways of specifying these functions in Nengo. The first method allows any linear or nonlinear function to be specified, the second allows only linear transforms to be specified. It is often useful to specify linear a ...
... ensembles (the default function is identity, i:e: fðxÞ ¼ x). Fig. 3 demonstrates two ways of specifying these functions in Nengo. The first method allows any linear or nonlinear function to be specified, the second allows only linear transforms to be specified. It is often useful to specify linear a ...
Chapter 12 PowerPoint - Hillsborough Community College
... perception, voluntary motor initiation, communication, memory storage, understanding • Each hemisphere connects to contralateral side of the body • There is lateralization of cortical function in the hemispheres ...
... perception, voluntary motor initiation, communication, memory storage, understanding • Each hemisphere connects to contralateral side of the body • There is lateralization of cortical function in the hemispheres ...
Winstanley et al. - Rudolf Cardinal
... Data analysis. Analyses were conducted using SPSS for Windows (version 9.0; SPSS, Chicago, IL). The total number of choices of the large reward per delay per session (maximum 10 responses) was used to analyze choice behavior. These data were arcsine transformed to limit the effect of an artificially ...
... Data analysis. Analyses were conducted using SPSS for Windows (version 9.0; SPSS, Chicago, IL). The total number of choices of the large reward per delay per session (maximum 10 responses) was used to analyze choice behavior. These data were arcsine transformed to limit the effect of an artificially ...
Cortical and subcortical afferents to the nucleus reticularis tegmenti
... were subsequently confirmed using certain cytoarchitectural features and the patterns of corticothalamic projections from each area studied (see Results). Each delivery of tracer lasted 10–15 min, followed by a 10-min period prior to the removal of the micropipette. Postinjection, the dura mater and ...
... were subsequently confirmed using certain cytoarchitectural features and the patterns of corticothalamic projections from each area studied (see Results). Each delivery of tracer lasted 10–15 min, followed by a 10-min period prior to the removal of the micropipette. Postinjection, the dura mater and ...
Mirror neurons and the social nature of language
... Experiments by Umiltà et al. (2001) showed that F5 mirror neurons are also activated during the observation of partially hidden actions, when the monkey can predict the action outcome, even in the absence of the complete visual information about it. Macaque monkeys’ mirror neurons therefore respond ...
... Experiments by Umiltà et al. (2001) showed that F5 mirror neurons are also activated during the observation of partially hidden actions, when the monkey can predict the action outcome, even in the absence of the complete visual information about it. Macaque monkeys’ mirror neurons therefore respond ...
The anatomy, physiology and functions of the
... The perirhinal cortex in both monkeys and rats is composed of two cytoarchitectonically distinct areas (areas 35 and 36) originally described by Brodmann [7]. In monkeys, perirhinal areas 35 and 36 form a band of cortex situated lateral to the full extent of the rhinal sulcus (Figure la) [P]. On the ...
... The perirhinal cortex in both monkeys and rats is composed of two cytoarchitectonically distinct areas (areas 35 and 36) originally described by Brodmann [7]. In monkeys, perirhinal areas 35 and 36 form a band of cortex situated lateral to the full extent of the rhinal sulcus (Figure la) [P]. On the ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.