Prelimbic to Accumbens Core Pathway Is Recruited in a Dopamine
... their projection targets. In rats, we examined Fos expression during cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine- and sucrose-seeking in prelimbic cortex (PL), infralimbic cortex (IL), BLA, and vSub neurons that project to NAc core (NAcC) or NAc shell (NAcSh). Neurons in PL, BLA, and vSub that project to N ...
... their projection targets. In rats, we examined Fos expression during cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine- and sucrose-seeking in prelimbic cortex (PL), infralimbic cortex (IL), BLA, and vSub neurons that project to NAc core (NAcC) or NAc shell (NAcSh). Neurons in PL, BLA, and vSub that project to N ...
Role of the basal ganglia in conditional associative learning
... The arbitrary mapping of sensory information onto action forms an important element of the intelligent behavior of primates (also called conditional associative learning). The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loops are thought to play a key role in such behavior. The present research was under ...
... The arbitrary mapping of sensory information onto action forms an important element of the intelligent behavior of primates (also called conditional associative learning). The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loops are thought to play a key role in such behavior. The present research was under ...
Connections Between the Retrosplenial Cortex and the
... area C A I , and a small number of nonpyramidal neurons at the border of stratum radiatum and stratum moleculare, predominantly in area C A I (Fig. 6D). A dense cluster of neurons in the dorsal (septal) one-third of the subiculum (Fig. 6A) also projects to Rgb, as does a band of neurons in the deep ...
... area C A I , and a small number of nonpyramidal neurons at the border of stratum radiatum and stratum moleculare, predominantly in area C A I (Fig. 6D). A dense cluster of neurons in the dorsal (septal) one-third of the subiculum (Fig. 6A) also projects to Rgb, as does a band of neurons in the deep ...
Organization of Inhibitory Frequency Receptive Fields in Cat Primary
... tions. Characterizing these influences is critical to understanding the relationship between neurophysiology and perception. Frequency tuning curves (FTCs) define a spectral or frequency-intensity RF for auditory neurons. Typically, FTCs of auditory neurons have been defined with single-tone stimuli ...
... tions. Characterizing these influences is critical to understanding the relationship between neurophysiology and perception. Frequency tuning curves (FTCs) define a spectral or frequency-intensity RF for auditory neurons. Typically, FTCs of auditory neurons have been defined with single-tone stimuli ...
Timing in reward and decision processes
... scale. Recent studies indicate that temporal processing may not be centralized in one single brain structure but rather occurs across different specialized areas [6–8]. Temporal prediction can be induced by stimuli or events and also by the passing of time itself [9]. This fact is characterized by t ...
... scale. Recent studies indicate that temporal processing may not be centralized in one single brain structure but rather occurs across different specialized areas [6–8]. Temporal prediction can be induced by stimuli or events and also by the passing of time itself [9]. This fact is characterized by t ...
Spontaneous and Stimulus-Evoked Intrinsic Optical Signals in
... area of auditory cortex and the elaborate auditory cortical specializations, most mapping studies of A1 have been performed on the domestic cat (Reale and Imig 1980). As a result, it is possible to formulate relatively high-order questions about physiological organization in this species. On the oth ...
... area of auditory cortex and the elaborate auditory cortical specializations, most mapping studies of A1 have been performed on the domestic cat (Reale and Imig 1980). As a result, it is possible to formulate relatively high-order questions about physiological organization in this species. On the oth ...
Control of echolocation pulses by neurons of the nucleus ambiguus
... areas of the laryngeal motor nucleus, HRP (Sigma Type VI) was iontophoretically injected. Glass micropipettes bevelled to a tip diameter of 5-15 ~m and filled with 10% or 20% HRP dissolved in distilled water were used for iontophoresis. To produce small injection sites (about 200 to 400 gm in diamet ...
... areas of the laryngeal motor nucleus, HRP (Sigma Type VI) was iontophoretically injected. Glass micropipettes bevelled to a tip diameter of 5-15 ~m and filled with 10% or 20% HRP dissolved in distilled water were used for iontophoresis. To produce small injection sites (about 200 to 400 gm in diamet ...
Preferred visually evoked spatial and temporal frequencies in
... impact on the brain and it is therefore debated whether visual properties registered in anesthesia are applicable for the alert state. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate preferences in spatial and temporal frequencies for single units in primary visual cortex in alert rats and compar ...
... impact on the brain and it is therefore debated whether visual properties registered in anesthesia are applicable for the alert state. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate preferences in spatial and temporal frequencies for single units in primary visual cortex in alert rats and compar ...
Spontaneous and Stimulus-Evoked Intrinsic Optical Signals in
... area of auditory cortex and the elaborate auditory cortical specializations, most mapping studies of A1 have been performed on the domestic cat (Reale and Imig 1980). As a result, it is possible to formulate relatively high-order questions about physiological organization in this species. On the oth ...
... area of auditory cortex and the elaborate auditory cortical specializations, most mapping studies of A1 have been performed on the domestic cat (Reale and Imig 1980). As a result, it is possible to formulate relatively high-order questions about physiological organization in this species. On the oth ...
Functional sex differences in human primary auditory cortex
... significant deactivation in the male group. This deactivation was located in the right dorsolateral part of the prefrontal cortex extending to the posterior part of the middle frontal gyrus, covering primarily BA 9 (Fig. 4 and Table 1). In contrast, no significant deactivation was found in the femal ...
... significant deactivation in the male group. This deactivation was located in the right dorsolateral part of the prefrontal cortex extending to the posterior part of the middle frontal gyrus, covering primarily BA 9 (Fig. 4 and Table 1). In contrast, no significant deactivation was found in the femal ...
Purves chs. 15, 19 - Weizmann Institute of Science
... from the brain in an experimental animal such as a cat, appropriate stimulation of local spinal circuits elicits involuntary but highly coordinated limb movements that resemble walking. The second motor subsystem consists of the upper motor neurons whose cell bodies lie in the brainstem or cerebral ...
... from the brain in an experimental animal such as a cat, appropriate stimulation of local spinal circuits elicits involuntary but highly coordinated limb movements that resemble walking. The second motor subsystem consists of the upper motor neurons whose cell bodies lie in the brainstem or cerebral ...
Axon Physiology - Physiological Reviews
... drive the ascending phase of the action potential, are present at the AIS, namely, Nav1.1, Nav1.2, and Nav1.6. Nav1.1 is dominant at the AIS of GABAergic neurons (394), but it is also found in the AIS of retinal ganglion cells (542) and in spinal cord motoneurons (169; see Table 2 for details). With ...
... drive the ascending phase of the action potential, are present at the AIS, namely, Nav1.1, Nav1.2, and Nav1.6. Nav1.1 is dominant at the AIS of GABAergic neurons (394), but it is also found in the AIS of retinal ganglion cells (542) and in spinal cord motoneurons (169; see Table 2 for details). With ...
The Orbitofrontal Cortex and Reward
... An Olfactory Representation in the Orbitofrontal Cortex Takagi, Tanabe and colleagues (Takagi, 1991) described single neurons in the macaque orbitofrontal cortex that were activated by odors. A ventral frontal region has been implicated in olfactory processing in humans (Jones-Gotman and Zatorre, 19 ...
... An Olfactory Representation in the Orbitofrontal Cortex Takagi, Tanabe and colleagues (Takagi, 1991) described single neurons in the macaque orbitofrontal cortex that were activated by odors. A ventral frontal region has been implicated in olfactory processing in humans (Jones-Gotman and Zatorre, 19 ...
Projections from the spinal trigeminal nucleus to the cochlear
... 1987), whereas the projection in the rat was “almost completely confined” to the DCN, to the superficial granular layer of the ventral cochlear nucleus, and to the subpeduncular corner of granule cells (Weinberg and Rustioni, 1987). In contrast, more recent reports in rat and hedgehog report somatosen ...
... 1987), whereas the projection in the rat was “almost completely confined” to the DCN, to the superficial granular layer of the ventral cochlear nucleus, and to the subpeduncular corner of granule cells (Weinberg and Rustioni, 1987). In contrast, more recent reports in rat and hedgehog report somatosen ...
Chapter 2 The Neural Bases of Learning and Memory
... The hindbrain is the most primitive brain region. It controls many of the cranial nerves and nuclei that send impulses to and from the spinal cord and cranial nerves. Some of the most basic behaviors, like respiration, sleep and wakefulness, circulation, heart activity, and fine coordination of mov ...
... The hindbrain is the most primitive brain region. It controls many of the cranial nerves and nuclei that send impulses to and from the spinal cord and cranial nerves. Some of the most basic behaviors, like respiration, sleep and wakefulness, circulation, heart activity, and fine coordination of mov ...
binding, internalization, and retrograde transport of `251
... the actions of NGF in target cells. It may be that plasma using modified 35-mm culture dishes (Hawrot and Patmembrane-localized binding of NGF mediates a set of terson, 1979; Hawrot, 1980). The growth of non-neuronal rapid responses, such as the efflux of Na+ ions (Skaper cells was prevented by trea ...
... the actions of NGF in target cells. It may be that plasma using modified 35-mm culture dishes (Hawrot and Patmembrane-localized binding of NGF mediates a set of terson, 1979; Hawrot, 1980). The growth of non-neuronal rapid responses, such as the efflux of Na+ ions (Skaper cells was prevented by trea ...
Arousal Systems
... PPT/LDT nuclei leads to cortical activation and arousal) • LC activation associated with heightened arousal, LC lesions, associated with hypersomnolence, • Lesions of midbrain dopaminergic nuclei associated with akinetic state (failure to arouse) • Serotonergic neurons during sleep, firing rate drops ...
... PPT/LDT nuclei leads to cortical activation and arousal) • LC activation associated with heightened arousal, LC lesions, associated with hypersomnolence, • Lesions of midbrain dopaminergic nuclei associated with akinetic state (failure to arouse) • Serotonergic neurons during sleep, firing rate drops ...
parasympathetic divisions
... • General visceral motor division of the PNS © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... • General visceral motor division of the PNS © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Hypocretin-2-Saporin Lesions of the Lateral Hypothalamus Produce
... Hypocretins (Hcrts) are recently discovered peptides linked to the human sleep disorder narcolepsy. Humans with narcolepsy have decreased numbers of Hcrt neurons and Hcrt-null mice also have narcoleptic symptoms. Hcrt neurons are located only in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) but neither electrolytic ...
... Hypocretins (Hcrts) are recently discovered peptides linked to the human sleep disorder narcolepsy. Humans with narcolepsy have decreased numbers of Hcrt neurons and Hcrt-null mice also have narcoleptic symptoms. Hcrt neurons are located only in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) but neither electrolytic ...
Collateral projections from the median raphe nucleus to the medial
... An extensive body of evidence indicates that the MR is directly involved in the modulation/control of the hippocampal electroencephalogram (EEG), specifically states of hippocampal desynchronization. It has been shown that: (1) MR stimulation desynchronizes the hippocampal EEG [4,23,31,51]; (2) MR l ...
... An extensive body of evidence indicates that the MR is directly involved in the modulation/control of the hippocampal electroencephalogram (EEG), specifically states of hippocampal desynchronization. It has been shown that: (1) MR stimulation desynchronizes the hippocampal EEG [4,23,31,51]; (2) MR l ...
Glia Engulf Degenerating Axons during Developmental Axon Pruning
... with Axon Pruning MVBs and MLBs are typically thought to be associated with the endosomal-lysosomal pathway, which plays an important role in degradation of engulfed proteins and cellular debris (reviewed in [22, 23]). Specifically, studies of the endosomal-lysosomal pathway in Drosophila have impli ...
... with Axon Pruning MVBs and MLBs are typically thought to be associated with the endosomal-lysosomal pathway, which plays an important role in degradation of engulfed proteins and cellular debris (reviewed in [22, 23]). Specifically, studies of the endosomal-lysosomal pathway in Drosophila have impli ...
electrophysiological and synaptic properties of rat superior and
... Funder, 2010) are all likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of HT. All of these changes have the net effect of increasing the physiological set-point of arterial pressure. Regulation of blood pressure is often described in terms of the time scale of involved responses (i.e., in terms of short te ...
... Funder, 2010) are all likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of HT. All of these changes have the net effect of increasing the physiological set-point of arterial pressure. Regulation of blood pressure is often described in terms of the time scale of involved responses (i.e., in terms of short te ...
Serotonin modulates responses to species
... The serotonergic neurons that provide a large input to auditory nuclei are located in the dorsal raphe nucleus, and often fire in correlation with the level of arousal (Trulson and Jacobs 1979). Levels of serotonin in target regions of the brain are correspondingly higher during increased activity of ...
... The serotonergic neurons that provide a large input to auditory nuclei are located in the dorsal raphe nucleus, and often fire in correlation with the level of arousal (Trulson and Jacobs 1979). Levels of serotonin in target regions of the brain are correspondingly higher during increased activity of ...
Cortical areas are linked through pathways which originate and
... Structural analysis as defined in this study classifies areas into a few cortical types, determined by the number of identifiable layers in each area and by how distinct the layers are from each other. By contrast, cytoarchitectonic analysis is a more detailed process, which identifies cortical type ...
... Structural analysis as defined in this study classifies areas into a few cortical types, determined by the number of identifiable layers in each area and by how distinct the layers are from each other. By contrast, cytoarchitectonic analysis is a more detailed process, which identifies cortical type ...
Movement Disorders Following Cerebrovascular Lesion in the Basal
... four deep nuclei: 1) The putamen, which is the source of input to the basal ganglia, receives input from fibers emanating from the motor cortex. 2) The internal segment of the globus pallidus, also referred to as the globus pallidus interna (GPi), and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) are t ...
... four deep nuclei: 1) The putamen, which is the source of input to the basal ganglia, receives input from fibers emanating from the motor cortex. 2) The internal segment of the globus pallidus, also referred to as the globus pallidus interna (GPi), and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) are t ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.